[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-46143-en":3,"doc-seo-46143-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},46143,1374391974468,"Eden","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise, 1800-1909","A scholarly historical study examining how slavery functioned in the Ottoman Empire and how it was dismantled from 1800 to 1909. The work analyzes the employment of slaves across military-administrative and agricultural settings, the legal and policy frameworks regulating enslavement of Muslims and non-Muslims, and mechanisms of slave acquisition in the late empire. It evaluates British approaches and Ottoman reforms during the Tanzimat and under Abdülhamid II, including key anti-slave-trade measures and emancipation outcomes.","palgravemacmillan  \n# Slavery in the OttomanEmpire and its Demise,1800-1909\n\nY Hakan Erdem  \n# SLAVERY IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIREAND ITS DEMISE,1800-1909\n\nThis page intentionally left blank  \nSlavery in the OttomanEmpire and its Demise,1800-1909  \nY Hakan Erdem  \nAssistant Professor of HistoryBogazici University,Istanbul  \nFirst published in Great Britain 1996 by  \nMACMILLAN PRESS LTD  \nHoundmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG216XSand London  \nCompanies and representativesthroughout the world  \nThis book is published in the St Antony's SeriesGeneral Editor:Alex Pravda  \nA catalogue record for this book is availablefrom the British Library.  \nISBN0-333-64323-2  \nFirst published in the United States of America 1996 by  \nST.MARTIN’S PRESS,INC.,  \nScholarly and Reference Division,175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010  \nISBN 0-312-16209-X  \nLibrary of Congress Catalogng-in-Publication DataErdem,Y Hakan.  \nSlavery in the Ottoman Empire and its demise,1800-1909/Y HakanErdem.  \np.cm.  \nincludes bibliographical references and index.  \nISBN0-312-16209-X(cloth)  \n1.Slavery—Turkey—History—19th century.2.Turkey--History-  \n-Otoman Empire,1288-1918.3.Slave-trade—Turkey-History—19th  \ncentury.4.Antislavery movements—History.1.Title.  \nHT¹238.E731996  \n96-7125  \n306.3620956'09034-dc20  \nCIP  \n◎Y Hakan Erdem 1996  \nAll rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission ofthis publication may be made without written permission.  \nNo paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied ortransmitted save with written permission or in accordance withthe provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copyingissued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham CourtRoad,London WIP9HE.  \nAny person who does any unauthorised act in relation to thispublication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civilclaims for damages.  \n10  9876  5  4  3  20504030201009998  \nPrinted and bound in Great Britain byAntony Rowe LId,Chippenham,Wiltshire  \nTo Duygu  \nThis page intentionally left blank  \nContents  \nAcknowledgementsGlossary  \nix  \nX  \nList of AbbreviationsA Note on PronunciationIntroduction  \nXV  \nxvi  \nxvii  \n1 Employment of Slaves in the Classical Ottoman Empire1The devsirme:The emergence of the Ottomanmilitary-governmental slave system1Slaves as'soldiers and administrators and their status6Slaves in agriculture11Industrial slavery15  \n2 Traditional Ottoman Policies towards Slavery before  \nthe Tanzimat  \n18  \nThe pencik tax as a means of market control19Enslavement and sale of Muslims as slaves20Unlawful and lawful enslavement of non-Muslim subjects23Employment of slaves by non-Muslims27Treatment of war captives29Illegal use of slaves and supervision of slave-dealers33The prohibition of the slave trade to Egypt39  \n3 Means of Enslavement and Slave Acquisition in the Late  \nOttoman Empire:Continuation of Ottoman Slaveryafter 1839  \n43  \nMeans of enslavement and acquisition of slaves44Recovery of the Ottoman slave system55The ethnic origins of slaves in the late Empire58Employment of slaves62  \n4 British Policy and Ottoman Slavery67Was there a British attempt to abolish Ottoman slaveryin 1840?68  \nBritish perceptions of the general prohibition of the Africanslave trade74Differences of opinions and consensus in the British camp79The role of 'Muslim public opinion'in British policy-making85  \n5 Ottoman Policy during the Tanzimat Period,1846-7694Abolition of the Istanbul Slave Market,184695Ottoman anti-slave trade measures until 185799The general prohibition of the black slave trade,1857107Ottoman measures against the internal Circassian slave tradeand slavery113  \n6 Ottoman Policy during the Reign of Abdülhamid II andthe Advent of the Young Turks,1876-1909125Anti-slavery measures and the accession hat ofAbdülhamid,1876126Renewal of the 1857 ferman in the First ConstitutionalPeriod,1877128The Anglo-Ottoman Convention for the suppression of theblack slave trade,1880132The draft laws of 1882 and 18831","cbCaiooaI5qoNRUC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiooaI5qoNRUC","pdf",15659735,3,1,252,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## Acknowledgements\n## Glossary\n## List of Abbreviations\n## A Note on Pronunciation\n## Introduction\n## Employment of Slaves in the Classical Ottoman Empire\n## Traditional Ottoman Policies towards Slavery before the Tanzimat\n## Means of Enslavement and Slave Acquisition in the Late Ottoman Empire\n## British Policy and Ottoman Slavery\n## Ottoman Policy during the Tanzimat Period, 1846-1876\n## Ottoman Policy during the Reign of Abdülhamid II and the Advent of the Young Turks, 1876-1909\n## The Emancipation and Care of Slaves in the Late Ottoman Empire\n## Conclusion\n## Notes\n## Bibliography\n## Index","[{\"question\":\"How did slavery operate in the classical Ottoman Empire?\",\"answer\":\"The study outlines the devşirme as an emergence point for the Ottoman military-governmental slave system and describes enslaved people as soldiers, administrators, and workers in agriculture, along with industrial slavery.\"},{\"question\":\"What were Ottoman policies toward slavery before the Tanzimat?\",\"answer\":\"The work discusses taxes and market control (including the pencik tax), forms of lawful and unlawful enslavement, treatment of war captives, and regulations affecting enslavement and the slave trade to Egypt.\"},{\"question\":\"How were slavery and the slave trade addressed in the late Ottoman Empire after 1839, including emancipation?\",\"answer\":\"The book explains changing mechanisms of enslavement and acquisition after 1839, Ottoman efforts to recover and regulate the slave system, and later anti-slave-trade and anti-slavery measures culminating in the question of 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