[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-383756-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-383756-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","skin-cancer-risk-of-menopausal-hormone-therapy-in-a-korean-cohort","Skin cancer risk of menopausal hormone therapy in a Korean cohort","","Retrospective cohort evidence evaluates whether menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) affects melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk in South Korea. Data from 2002–2019 using the National Health Insurance Service include 192,202 MHT users and 494,343 healthy controls. Women older than 40 with menopause between 2002–2011 are followed using reliable, pathologically confirmed cancer diagnoses. Overall, MHT shows no association with melanoma incidence, while tibolone and combined oestrogen plus progestin lower NMSC occurrence.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/skin-cancer-risk-of-menopausal-hormone-therapy-in-a-korean-cohort/383756/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/skin-cancer-risk-of-menopausal-hormone-therapy-in-a-korean-cohort/383756.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Jacob","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What was the goal of this retrospective cohort study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To evaluate the risk of skin cancer associated with menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), focusing on melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC).","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How were participants defined for the MHT and non-MHT groups?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Women over 40 who had menopause between 2002 and 2011 were selected. The MHT group used at least one MHT for at least 6 months (2002–2011), while the non-MHT group had never been prescribed MHT agents (2002–2019).",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Did MHT change melanoma and NMSC risk differently?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Yes. Overall, MHT was not associated with melanoma incidence, whereas tibolone and combined oestrogen plus progestin were associated with decreased NMSC occurrence.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},383756,1790636619,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":116,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962084931830,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nSkin cancer risk of menopausal hormone therapy in a Korean cohort  \nJin‑Sung Yuk1, Soo‑Kyung Lee2, JiAn Uh2, Yong‑Soo Seo1, Myounghwan Kim1 & Myoung Shin Kim2*  \nConflicting studies exist on the association between menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and skin cancers, such as melanoma and non‑melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the risk of skin cancer from MHT using data from 2002 to 2019 from the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea. We included 192,202 patients with MHT and 494,343 healthy controls. Women > 40 years who had menopause between 2002 and 2011 were included. Patients with MHT had at least one MHT for at least 6 months and healthy controls had never been prescribed MHT agents. We measured the incidence of melanoma and NMSC. Melanoma developed in 70 (0.03%) patients with MHT and 249 (0.05%) controls, while the incidence of NMSC was 417 (0.22%) in the MHT group and 1680 (0.34%) in the controls. Tibolone (hazard ratio [HR] 0.812, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.694–0.949) and combined oestrogen plus progestin by the manufacturer (COPM; HR 0.777, 95% CI 0.63–0.962) lowered the risk of NMSC, while other hormone groups did not change the risk. Overall, MHT was not associated with melanoma incidence in menopausal Korean women. Instead, tibolone and COPM were associated with a decrease in NMSC occurrence.  \nHormones can affect the development of skin tumors, and this is supported by reports of changes in nevi and melanoma during pregnancy, such as their enlargement and darkening. Melanocytes are known to respond to oestrogen stimulation, and in vitro studies have found that skin treated with oestrogen can express up to three times the amount of melanin1. Melanoma is also reported as the most frequent cancer diagnosed during pregnancy, and studies suggest that prolonged oestrogen exposure may affect melanoma risk2,3. With regards to keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs), oestrogens and progestins have been proposed to act as keratinocyte proliferative factors and/or photosensitizing agents4. However, the results published to date are insufficient to elucidate their roles. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is known to increase the risk of certain cancers, such as breast cancer5, but evidence for an association with skin cancer has shown conflicting results. Tang et al.6 reported that MHT did not affect the incidence of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), both for conjugated equine oestrogen (CEE) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) therapy and CEE-only therapy in randomised trials of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) . In contrast, a case–control study showed a dose-dependent increased risk of melanoma with oestrogen use7. Cahoon et al.8 reported that MHT was associated with an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma, the most common NMSC. However, there are several caveats when analysing the results of previous studies. First, some studies included the results of the use of CEE-MPA, which has been reported to increase the risk of breast cancer9. Second, the Women’s Health Initiative study included relatively older participants with an average age of 63 years, and approximately two-thirds of them had menopause for longer than a decade. In addition, the proportion of overweight or obese women is much higher (69.5%) than that of normal or underweight women10. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the risk of skin cancer associated with MHT by using Korea’s national health insurance data.  \nMethods  \nDatabase. This retrospective cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) from 01 January 2002 to 31 December 2019. Around 98% of the population is eligible to receive healthcare coverage under the NHIS in South Korea11. The database includes health insurance information (age, sex, diagnosis, treatment, prescription, health insurance percentile) for most patients covered by t","cbCaisgRJ7ZHMhb3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisgRJ7ZHMhb3","pdf",1345390,"English","# Methods\n## Database\n## Selection of participants\n# Results\n## Melanoma incidence\n## NMSC incidence\n# Discussion\n## Biological rationale and prior evidence","[{\"question\":\"What was the goal of this retrospective cohort study?\",\"answer\":\"To evaluate the risk of skin cancer associated with menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), focusing on melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC).\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants defined for the MHT and non-MHT groups?\",\"answer\":\"Women over 40 who had menopause between 2002 and 2011 were selected. The MHT group used at least one MHT for at least 6 months (2002–2011), while the non-MHT group had never been prescribed MHT agents (2002–2019).\"},{\"question\":\"Did MHT change melanoma and NMSC risk differently?\",\"answer\":\"Yes. Overall, MHT was not associated with melanoma incidence, whereas tibolone and combined oestrogen plus progestin were associated with decreased NMSC occurrence.\"}]","Skin cancer risk of menopausal hormone therapy in a Korean cohort | PDF",1790259040,23]