[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-148116-en":3,"doc-seo-148116-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},148116,7971461740886,"Theodore","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2",7,"Healthcare","Singhia and Budhi rivers in Sunsari and Morang Industrial corridor, Nepal - Evaluation of physico-chemical characters","Singhia and Budhi rivers along Nepal’s Sunsari and Morang industrial corridor receive continuous effluents from about 100 industries, including toilet and seepage waste, and wastes from hospitals, clinics, and agriculture such as insecticides and herbicides. The study evaluates physico-chemical variability, seasonal and climatic influences, and correlations among key parameters. CO2, ammonia, turbidity, chloride, TA/TH, and other indicators fluctuate across months and seasons, with higher turbidity during rainy periods. Measured values remain within WHO limits for fish farming.","International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences  \nISSN : 2348-8069  \n[www.ijarbs.com](www.ijarbs.com)  \n\n| Research Article | |\n| --- | --- |\n\nEvaluation of physico-chemical characters of Singhia and Budhi rivers in Sunsari and  \nMorang Industrial corridor, Nepal  \n1Ganesh Bahadur Thapa and 2Joydeb Pal  \n1Department of Zoology, Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuwan University, Dharan (Hattisar), Sunsari, Nepal.  \n2Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.  \n*[Corresponding author:](Corresponding author: gthapast@yahoo.com)[ gthapast@yahoo.com](Corresponding author: gthapast@yahoo.com)  \nAbstract  \nSinghia and Budhi rivers lying along side of the industrial corridor in Sunsari and Morang districts Nepal. Both perennial rivers fed with various effluents from around 100 industries. Toilet wastes, safetytank seepage, hospitals and clinic wastes, insecticides, herbicides washed in agriculture fields from Biratnagar sub-metropolitain, Itahari municipality and adjoining VDCs drained into these rivers and sand mining increased turbidity. Present study revealed that the maximum and minimum variations and correlation between different physicochemical variances. It was observed as per the addition of wastes, seasonal and unusual climatic changes. The fluctuation of CO2 was 80.08±1.352mg/l in September and 14.56±0.359mg/l in March of first year. Ammonia 15.32±0.782 mg/l in June and 0.260±0.075 mg/l in December. Turbidity was highest in September1078±2.359and lowest 48.01±1.435mg/l in January and highly fluctuated 264.08±143.39 (Singhia) and 635.03±373.389 NTU (Budhi) in rainy season. TA and TH were more fluctuated in summer in the second year in Budhi river than the Singhia. High Chloride 15.10±0.093 mg/l in November and 4.05±0.069 mg/l in December was observed in the second year in Singhia. Chloride and ammonia were slightly fluctuated throughout the year. The values were found within the permissible limit for fish farming as per WHO standards.  \nKeywords: Singhia, Budhi, river, physicochemical , seasonal , fish farming.  \nIntroduction  \nWater Pollution is mainly a problem due to explosion of population, rapid indiscriminate urbanization and industrialization. The large scale urban growth has increased domestic effluents while industrial development manifested either due to setting up of new industries or expansion of the existing industrial establishments resulting of copious volume of industrial effluents. Human activity and cattle grazing also add to the river pollution. Once the contaminants enter the water source, it is difficult and costly to remove them. Unplanned and injudicious disposal of municipal waste are causing pollution of water bodies have put tremendous pressure on water resources and their quality. So, it requires regular monitoring and evaluating water quality. Singhia and Budhi rivers of  \nMorang and Sunsari, Nepal fed wastes from around 100 industries, Sub-metropolitan, Municipal and hospitals. Furthermore, mixing of human toilet wastes, agrochemicals from agriculture fields directly and indirectly, cleaning utensils and mining of sand from the river bed deteriorating the river water quality.  \nThe physicochemical parameters (PCP) of a water body change due to seasonal change, diurnal changes and pollutants. These bring significant seasonal and diurnal change in abundance of aquatic organisms. Among the PCP air temperature, water temperature, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, alkalinity, hardness, chloride and BOD mainly determine the hydrological condition of water  \nInt. J. Adv. Res. Biol.Sci. 1(8): (2014): 104–112  \nbody (Reid, 1961) . The objectives of the study are to suppose the present water quality of these rivers, through analysis of some selected parameters and to compare the results with the WHO standard. In natural aquatic system, concentration of various physicochemical parameters increase as a result of rapid growt","cbCaihxGocqOwJm0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihxGocqOwJm0","pdf",329655,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n## Study sites and sampling\n## Parameters and analysis methods\n# Results and Discussion\n## Physico-chemical parameters of Site 1 and 2\n## Seasonal variation and correlations","[{\"question\":\"Which sources of pollution affect the Singhia and Budhi rivers in Sunsari and Morang?\",\"answer\":\"The rivers receive effluents from around 100 industries, including toilet wastes and seepage, hospital/clinic wastes, and agricultural runoff containing insecticides and herbicides, along with effects from sand mining and urban activities.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the physico-chemical parameters measured and analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"Parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved CO2, ammonia, DO, BOD, chloride, alkalinity, hardness, and phosphate were measured on-site for selected variables and analyzed in the laboratory for others. Seasonal grouping and statistical tools (Excel and SPSS) were used for standard deviation, correlation coefficients, and significance testing.\"},{\"question\":\"What seasonal pattern was observed for turbidity and CO2?\",\"answer\":\"Turbidity was highest during the rainy season, with maximum values reported in September and lower values around January. CO2 showed strong seasonal fluctuation, with much higher levels in September compared with March in the first year.\"}]","Singhia and Budhi rivers in Sunsari and Morang Industrial corridor, Nepal - Evaluation of physico-chemical characters | PDF",1787775292,23,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"singhia-and-budhi-rivers-in-sunsari-and-morang-industrial-corridor-nepal-evaluation-of-physico-chemical-characters","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/singhia-and-budhi-rivers-in-sunsari-and-morang-industrial-corridor-nepal-evaluation-of-physico-chemical-characters/148116/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-26",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Which sources of pollution affect the Singhia and Budhi rivers in Sunsari and Morang?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The rivers receive effluents from around 100 industries, including toilet wastes and seepage, hospital/clinic wastes, and agricultural runoff containing insecticides and herbicides, along with effects from sand mining and urban activities.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How were the physico-chemical parameters measured and analyzed?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved CO2, ammonia, DO, BOD, chloride, alkalinity, hardness, and phosphate were measured on-site for selected variables and analyzed in the laboratory for others. Seasonal grouping and statistical tools (Excel and SPSS) were used for standard deviation, correlation coefficients, and significance testing.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What seasonal pattern was observed for turbidity and CO2?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Turbidity was highest during the rainy season, with maximum values reported in September and lower values around January. CO2 showed strong seasonal fluctuation, with much higher levels in September compared with March in the first year.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,118,123,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]