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The model employs the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation and a multi-point heat source formulation to estimate lesion heat generation and embed it within breast tissue containing normal, benign, and malignant tumors. Temperature-field analyses show higher values in malignant regions than in benign regions. Tumor sizes inferred from temperature distributions closely match ultrasound observations, supporting an effective approach for distinguishing benign versus malignant breast cancer.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/simulation-and-clinical-validation-of-the-breast-temperature-field-based-on-a-multi-point-heat-source-model-read-online-free/625578/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/simulation-and-clinical-validation-of-the-breast-temperature-field-based-on-a-multi-point-heat-source-model-read-online-free/625578.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Hazel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What modeling method is used to simulate the breast temperature field?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"A refined 3D breast model is constructed using anatomical and physiological characteristics and governed by the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation with a multi-point heat source model.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do the simulated temperature distributions differ between malignant and benign tumors?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Simulated temperature values in malignant tumor regions are higher than those in benign tumor regions.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How is the simulation approach validated against clinical imaging?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Tumor sizes estimated from the temperature-field distributions are compared with sizes observed in ultrasound images, showing close correspondence.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},625578,1792811100,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36},137441390410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000252f4ab5702993?_k=1776741390130283984","International Journal of Thermal Sciences 208 (2025) 109433  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nInternational Journal of Thermal Sciences  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijts)  \n| Simulation and clinical validation of the breast temperature field based on a   multi-point heat source model\u003Cbr>Hong Long , Kaiyang Li *\u003Cbr>Department of Electronic Science and Technology School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University. Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>Multi-point heat source Breast model Temperature distribution Thermal imaging\u003Cbr>Bio-heat transfer equation |  | To investigate the relationship between cell metabolism heat production and breast diseases, and to differentiate the benign and malignant nature of breast tumors based on this foundation, this study established a refined threedimensional model of the breast suitable for analyzing the temperature field of the breast, based on the anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of the breast, using the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation. Compared to traditional breast models, this model closely approximates the physiological structure of the breast, thereby enabling a more accurate simulation of the temperature distribution within the breast for both normal and embedded tumors. This study obtains the heat production of the corresponding position of the lesion area inpatients with breast tumors through the multi-point heat source model. The heat production is embedded in the breast model containing the tumor. Then, the temperature field analysis is conducted on the normal breast model and the breast model with malignant and benign tumors. Finally, the obtained temperature values are compared. The analysis reveals that the temperature values in the malignant tumor regions are higher than those in the benign tumor regions. Furthermore, based on the distribution of temperature fields, tumor sizes are estimated and compared with those observed in ultrasound images, demonstrating a close correspondence between the results. Therefore, this paper provides an essential novel analytical approach for distinguishing between benign and malignant breast cancer. |\n\n1. Introduction  \nBreast cancer is a leading cause of incidence and mortality among women worldwide [1]. According to the Global Cancer Statistics 2020 (GLOBOCAN), female breast cancer is the most common cancer, with 2.3 million new cases reported in 2020 (accounting for 11.7 % of all cancer cases) [2]. Breast cancer screening has remained highly beneficial in the fight against cancer, with studies indicating that early diagnosis and treatment can effectively reduce breast cancer mortality rates [3].  \nStandard methods for detecting breast tumors include mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [4–6]. These methods are all based on morphological changes in the breast for diagnosing breast cancer, but by this stage, the tumor has already progressed to a certain extent, and each of these methods also has its drawbacks. Mammography involves exposing the breast to X-rays, which are radioactive and potentially harmful to the human body. In ultrasound examinations, clinicians may overlook small cancerous lesions if the patient does not present with palpable masses or if the  \nimaging of masses is unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations are costly and often yield a higher rate of false-positive results due to their high sensitivity [7–9]. In addition to the aforementioned diagnostic methods for breast tumors, thermal imaging is supported by infrared thermography for heat map detection [10]. Infrared thermography allows real-time observation and recording of invisible thermal changes to the naked eye [11]. Unlike morphological imaging, it can detect metabolic changes associated with breast cancer before","cbCaio6YHw6woSdU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio6YHw6woSdU","pdf",17431936,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Breast cancer burden and screening\n## Imaging methods and limitations\n## Thermal imaging and numerical simulation rationale","[{\"question\":\"What modeling method is used to simulate the breast temperature field?\",\"answer\":\"A refined 3D breast model is constructed using anatomical and physiological characteristics and governed by the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation with a multi-point heat source model.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the simulated temperature distributions differ between malignant and benign tumors?\",\"answer\":\"Simulated temperature values in malignant tumor regions are higher than those in benign tumor regions.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the simulation approach validated against clinical imaging?\",\"answer\":\"Tumor sizes estimated from the temperature-field distributions are compared with sizes observed in ultrasound images, showing close correspondence.\"}]","Simulation and clinical validation of the breast temperature field based on a multi-point heat source model - read online free | PDF",1792531631]