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It argues that abstract phonological constraints are shaped by the phonological encoding of lexical items. Results rely on a structured specification–based similarity metric that outperforms feature-counting approaches and is paired with a probabilistic gradient constraint model linked to categorical perception.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/similarity-and-frequency-in-phonology-a-dissertation-doctor-of-philosophy/141397/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/similarity-and-frequency-in-phonology-a-dissertation-doctor-of-philosophy/141397.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maeve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-08-25",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"这项论文研究的核心问题是什么？","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"论文研究语音学（phonology）与语音加工之间的相似性机制，重点分析语音错误与音系约束在相似性与频率上的对应效应。","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"论文如何衡量“相似性”？",{"text":118,"@type":114},"基于 STRUCTURED SPECIFICATION 的相似性度量被用于计算相似性结果，并被证明在量化表现上优于传统基于特征计数的方法。",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"梯度约束模型与传统类别性约束有什么区别？",{"text":122,"@type":114},"梯度模型将可接受性视为连续量，并让可接受性与频率相关；该模型对梯度音系（phonotactic）数据的拟合优于传统的类别性约束。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},141397,1787655496,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},5909877438554,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/5600025385ad2bf12a7?_k=1778553567797529272","NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY  \nSIMILARITY AND FREQUENCY IN PHONOLOGY  \nA DISSERTATION  \nSUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL  \nIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS  \nfor the degree  \nDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Field of Linguistics  \nBy  \nSTEFAN FRISCH  \nEVANSTON, ILLINOIS  \nDecember 1996  \nVersion 1.1, © Copyright by Stefan Frisch 1997, All Rights Reserved  \nABSTRACT  \nSimilarity and Frequency in Phonology  \nStefan Frisch  \nThis thesis focuses upon parallels between phonology and phonological processing. I study phonological speech errors and a phonotactic dissimilarity constraint, demonstrating they have analogous similarity and frequency effects. In addition, I show that abstract phonological constraints are influenced by the phonological encoding of lexical items.  \nThe results of this thesis are based on a metric of similarity computed using the representations of STRUCTURED SPECIFICATION (Broe 1993) . This metric is quantitatively superior to traditional metrics of similarity which are based on feature counting. I also employ a probabilistic model of a gradient linguistic constraint which is based on categorical perception. In this model, the acceptability of a form is gradient, and acceptability is correlated with frequency. The most acceptable forms in a language are the most frequent ones. This constraint model provides a better fit to gradient phonotactic data than traditional categorical linguistic constraints. Together, the similarity metric and gradient constraint model demonstrate that statistical patterns in language can be relevant, principled, and formally modeled in linguistic theory.  \nUsing the gradient constraint model, I show that similarity effects in phonotactics are stronger word initially than later in the word. A parallel pattern is experimentally demonstrated for speech errors. I claim that the effect for speech errors follows from the fact that production of segmental material in a lexical item is inherently temporal. I argue that segmental information in lexical representations is sequentially accessed even for abstract phonological purposes, like phonotactics. The effects of word position on similarity in both speech production and phonotactics are accounted for in a connectionist model of lexical access, which does not differentiate the storage of a representation from its use.  \nStructured specification is incompatible with UNDERSPECIFICATION (Kiparsky 1982, Archangeli 1984) . In underspecification, features are left blank in a linguistic representation to capture redundancy relationships and phonological markedness. I demonstrate that models of similarity in phonotactics and speech errors which use underspecification do not model the data as well as the similarity metric based on structured specification.  \nACKNOWLEDGMENTS  \nLike the subject about which it is written, this thesis is not a discrete entity, with a discrete author. To a greater or lesser degree, it consists of many papers I’ve read or seen presented, and is coauthored by the many people who have discussed the material with me. In particular, the participants at the 5th conference on Laboratory Phonology at Northwestern University provided inspiration and new ideas just as I was preparing to defend. This is my opportunity to thank you all for bringing me to where I am today.  \nI would like to give explicit thanks to Janet Pierrehumbert for being an excellent mentor while simultaneously treating me as an equal. My debt to her is tremendous, and can only be repaid to my future students by reminding them to “pick up your own dirty socks.” Michael Broe has been a friend, a colleague, and an advisor. I would not have survived without our regular squash matches or his help in the final weeks in figuring out what I was “getting on about.” Doug Medin introduced me to cognitive science, and served as guide through the literature on similarity and categorization. Gary Dell gave me a wealth of encouragement and some of the best discussions I have ever","cbCaigeF5e0Rm5eF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigeF5e0Rm5eF","pdf",969897,190,"English","# Linguistic and Cognitive Theory\n## Rules versus Constraints in Linguistic Theory\n## Similarity\n## Frequency and Connectionism\n## Outline of the Thesis\n# Representation of the Phoneme Inventory\n## Features and Natural Classes","[{\"question\":\"这项论文研究的核心问题是什么？\",\"answer\":\"论文研究语音学（phonology）与语音加工之间的相似性机制，重点分析语音错误与音系约束在相似性与频率上的对应效应。\"},{\"question\":\"论文如何衡量“相似性”？\",\"answer\":\"基于 STRUCTURED SPECIFICATION 的相似性度量被用于计算相似性结果，并被证明在量化表现上优于传统基于特征计数的方法。\"},{\"question\":\"梯度约束模型与传统类别性约束有什么区别？\",\"answer\":\"梯度模型将可接受性视为连续量，并让可接受性与频率相关；该模型对梯度音系（phonotactic）数据的拟合优于传统的类别性约束。\"}]","Similarity and Frequency in Phonology - A Dissertation - Doctor of Philosophy | PDF",479]