[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-138298-105":59,"doc-detail-138298-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","sign-language-back-translation-in-sign-language-generation","Sign Language Back Translation in Sign Language Generation","","This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of Sign Language Back Translation (SLBT) for Sign Language Generation (SLG), focusing on converting spoken text into gloss as a crucial intermediary step for SL generation. It reviews major SLBT paradigms, summarizes key studies, and traces the development trajectory from text-to-gloss conversion toward signed output. The paper highlights core challenges and promising advancements, aiming to support seamless communication between spoken and signed languages and to improve accessibility for deaf communities.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sign-language-back-translation-in-sign-language-generation/138298/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sign-language-back-translation-in-sign-language-generation/138298.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-18","2026-08-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is Sign Language Back Translation (SLBT) in Sign Language Generation (SLG)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"SLBT converts spoken text into gloss, a written form of sign language. Gloss then serves as an intermediary representation for generating sign language.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why are standard machine translation models not directly suitable for sign languages?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Sign languages lack standardized written scripts, making text-based MT models less applicable to sign language data.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What role do glosses play in sign language processing tasks?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Glosses bridge the visual nature of sign languages and written spoken-language forms, supporting tasks like recognition, translation, and generation while providing parallel data for training.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},138298,1787478706,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":46},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","人工知能学会第二種研究会資料  \nAIチャレンジ研究会 SIG-Challenge-06 􀀖 -05  \nBack Translation in Sign Language Generation  \nKhan Nabeela Khanum* 1 , Tan Sihan 1 , Itoyama Katsutoshi 1,2 , and Nakadai Kazuhiro 1  \n1 Department of Systems and Control Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology  \n2 Honda Research Institute Japan Co.Ltd.  \nAbstract—This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of Sign Language Back Translation (SLBT) for Sign Language Generation (SLG) . BT is utilized to convert spoken text into gloss, a written form of SL, serving as a crucial intermediary step in SLG. The paper explores various SLBT paradigms, highlighting key studies and encapsulating SLBT’s trajectory. It addresses challenges and promising advancements in back translation, aiming for seamless communication between spoken and signed languages.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nThe application of sign languages (SLs) within the deaf community has become an established mode of communication. Sign languages utilize multiple channels, incorporating both manual and non-manual fea[tures. to](tures. to) break the linguistic and cultural barrier between hearing and deaf communities, translation plays an important role However, according to [1], manual translations is too expensive and a rather difficult to practice in daily life. In this case, the most affordable means of communication is using Machine Translation (MT)[2] . Unlike spoken languages, sign languages lack standardized written scripts, rendering advanced Machine Translation (MT) models designed for text-based languages unsuitable for SLs. To address this challenge, various writing methods have been introduced for SLs, including Glosses [3], SignWriting[4], HamNoSys[5], Stokoe Notations[6], and Si5s[7] . Among these methods, glosses have emerged as the most popular choice. Glosses involve labeling signs with words from the corresponding spoken language, often including affixes and markers, providing a bridge between the visual nature of sign languages and the written form of spoken languages.  \nGlosses play a vital role in various sign language (SL) processing tasks like recognition, translation, and generation. Despite their limitations in capturing the full linguistic richness of SL [8], they are crucial in Sign Language Translation (SLT) applications, facilitating communication between hearing and deaf communities, especially in education and interpretation. Additionally, glosses provide valuable parallel data for MT training in SL processing research. Researchers often employ glosses as intermediaries, translating between SL and spoken language. For instance, during SL to spoken language or vice versa translation, glossto-text or text-to-gloss conversion acts as an intermediary step. When generating SL from spoken language, the initial process involves converting text toglosses, which are then used for SL generation. This paper specifically focuses on the initial stage for SL generation, i.e converting text to glosses.  \nSeveral research initiatives in MT have been undertaken in the past for the back translation (BT) of SLin order to generate SL, showcasing the innovative efforts in the realm of sign language accessibility. One notable project, ViSiCAST, funded by the European Union, aimed to enhance accessibility for deaf citizens using virtual animation or avatars presenting sign language [9] . Another significant European venture, theeSIGN Project, contributed to this mission by developing avatar-based technology for American Sign Language. DePaul University played a pivotal role in this initiative, creating an avatar named ’Paula’ capable of conveying all linguistic parameters of ASL while translating English to ASL [10] . Additionally, the ProDeaf project emerged as a pioneering effort, converting Portuguese text and voice into Portuguese Sign Language (LIBRAS) to facilitate seamless communication between the deaf and hearing communities [11] .  \nIn this paper, our f","cbCaidgA3kLCoWSG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidgA3kLCoWSG","pdf",516392,"English","# Introduction\n# Related Works\n## Sign language vs spoken language","[{\"question\":\"What is Sign Language Back Translation (SLBT) in Sign Language Generation (SLG)?\",\"answer\":\"SLBT converts spoken text into gloss, a written form of sign language. Gloss then serves as an intermediary representation for generating sign language.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are standard machine translation models not directly suitable for sign languages?\",\"answer\":\"Sign languages lack standardized written scripts, making text-based MT models less applicable to sign language data.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do glosses play in sign language processing tasks?\",\"answer\":\"Glosses bridge the visual nature of sign languages and written spoken-language forms, supporting tasks like recognition, translation, and generation while providing parallel data for training.\"}]","Sign Language Back Translation in Sign Language Generation | PDF"]