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Although these medicines block pathways that enable cancer initiation and progression, their cyto- and neurotoxicity and inflammatory responses can cause unfavorable systemic and ocular effects. Posterior segment complications, including retinal and vascular damage, can impair vision and quality of life. Mechanisms for newly available anticancer drugs are not fully clarified, motivating this literature review.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/side-effects-of-novel-anticancer-drugs-on-the-posterior-segment-of-the-eye-a-review-of-the-literature/340691/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/side-effects-of-novel-anticancer-drugs-on-the-posterior-segment-of-the-eye-a-review-of-the-literature/340691.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodora","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the literature review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To analyze possible side effects of new anticancer drugs on the posterior segment of the eye, clarify involved pharmacological mechanisms, and provide guidance for appropriate management.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why are posterior segment adverse effects clinically important?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Posterior segment complications, including retinal and vascular effects, can negatively affect patients’ eyesight and quality of life.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How were studies searched in the review’s materials and methods?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review searched the PubMed medical database using terms related to the ocular posterior segment (e.g., vitreous, choroid, uvea, optic nerve, retina) combined with terms for anticancer drugs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},340691,1790226966,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687197207919,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552","Review  \nSide Effects of Novel Anticancer Drugs on the Posterior Segment of the Eye: A Review of the Literature  \nFilippo Lixi 1, Giuseppe Giannaccare 1, *, Giulio Salerno 2, Vincenzo Gagliardi 2, Alfonso Pellegrino 2 and Livio Vitiello 2  \nCitation: Lixi, F.; Giannaccare, G.; Salerno, G.; Gagliardi, V.; Pellegrino, A.; Vitiello, L. Side Effects of Novel Anticancer Drugs on the Posterior Segment of the Eye: A Review of the Literature. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 1160 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)jpm14121160  \nAcademic Editor: Yousif Subhi  \nReceived: 21 November 2024  \nRevised: 15 December 2024  \nAccepted: 17 December 2024  \nPublished: 19 December 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, CA, Italy; [f.lixi0106@gmail.com](f.lixi0106@gmail.com)  \n2 Eye Unit,“Luigi Curto” Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Salerno, 84035 Polla, SA, Italy; [giuliosalerno@hotmail.it](giuliosalerno@hotmail.it) (G.S.); [v.gagliardi@aslsalerno.it](v.gagliardi@aslsalerno.it) (V.G.); [al.pellegrino@aslsalerno.it](al.pellegrino@aslsalerno.it) (A.P.); [livio.vitiello@gmail.com](livio.vitiello@gmail.com) (L.V.)  \n* Correspondence: [giuseppe.giannaccare@gmail.com](giuseppe.giannaccare@gmail.com)  \nAbstract: Currently, common treatment approaches for neoplastic diseases include surgery, radiation, and/or anticancer drugs (chemotherapy, hormone medications, and targeted therapies) . In particular, anticancer medicines destroy cancerous cells by blocking certain pathways that aid in the disease’s initiation and progression. These pharmaceutical drugs’ capacity to inhibit malignant cells has made them indispensable in the treatment of neoplastic disorders. Nonetheless, considering their cyto-and neurotoxicity, as well as their inflammatory responses, these medications may also have unfavorable systemic and ocular side effects. In fact, it is well known that ocular posterior segment side effects, including retinal and vascular complications, have a negative influence on the patient’s eyesight and quality of life. However, the underlying mechanisms contributing to the development of these side effects remain incompletely recognized, especially in the case of newly available anticancer drugs. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the possible side effects of new anticancer drugs on the posterior segment of the eye, trying to better understand the involved pharmacological mechanisms and offer helpful guidance on their appropriate management.  \nKeywords: anticancer drugs; eye; posterior segment; retina; side effects  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer is characterized by the body’s cells proliferating and dividing abnormally and uncontrollably. According to predictions, by 2030, there will likely be 23.6 million cases of cancer worldwide, putting it among the main reasons for death. Notwithstanding this number, efforts to create novel medications, early detection, and cancer screening systems have improved overall cancer survival over the past few decades [1] . In this regard, new drugs are continuously being developed with the aim of effectively stopping the progression of the disease or preventing further detrimental effects. In fact, novel and innovative anticancer treatments have been developed to target one or more facets of the pathophysiology of the neoplastic disease. The most recent anticancer medications include immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy, epidermal or fibroblastic growth factor receptor inhibitors, and a constantly expanding range of monoclonal antibodies that are direct","cbCaicBqPNhlr1JO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicBqPNhlr1JO","pdf",347217,21,"English","# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the literature review?\",\"answer\":\"To analyze possible side effects of new anticancer drugs on the posterior segment of the eye, clarify involved pharmacological mechanisms, and provide guidance for appropriate management.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are posterior segment adverse effects clinically important?\",\"answer\":\"Posterior segment complications, including retinal and vascular effects, can negatively affect patients’ eyesight and quality of life.\"},{\"question\":\"How were studies searched in the review’s materials and methods?\",\"answer\":\"The review searched the PubMed medical database using terms related to the ocular posterior segment (e.g., vitreous, choroid, uvea, optic nerve, retina) combined with terms for anticancer drugs.\"}]","Side Effects of Novel Anticancer Drugs on the Posterior Segment of the Eye - A Review of the Literature | PDF",1790038231,53]