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However, vulnerable subgroups—including people with very unbalanced diets, prolonged fasting, strenuous exercise, and pregnant or breastfeeding women—should ensure sufficient essential mineral intake via food. Rapid expansion of water filtration systems producing W-VLMC creates a timely research opportunity, with children facing rising exposure and needing further early-childhood health-effect studies. Another complementary view is that naturally mineralized water and strict-quality-controlled water could provide essential minerals without filtration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/should-children-drink-water-with-very-low-mineral-content-implications-of-the-global-expansion-of-water-filtration-systems/467287/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/should-children-drink-water-with-very-low-mineral-content-implications-of-the-global-expansion-of-water-filtration-systems/467287.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pop out","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is W-VLMC and how is it defined in the article?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"W-VLMC is drinking water with total dissolved solids (TDS) not exceeding 50 mg/L. The article covers water intended for human consumption and natural mineral water (including bottled or tap).","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why does the article say the general population is not shown to face health risks?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Despite limited and inconsistent evidence, available assessments (including the German BfR) indicate that normal intake alongside a balanced diet is not expected to cause long-term health risks.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which groups should be more mindful when regularly using W-VLMC as a main beverage?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The article highlights subgroups such as people eating very unbalanced diets, those avoiding certain foods, individuals in prolonged fasting, people doing prolonged or strenuous exercise, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},467287,1790863506,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090760408,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Opinion  \nShould Children Drink Water with Very Low Mineral Content? Implications of the Global Expansion of Water Filtration Systems and Relevance of Consumption of Water with Higher Mineralization Levels  \nCidália D. Pereira 1,2,3,4, * and Maria João Martins 5,6  \nAcademic Editor: Juergen Vormann  \nReceived: 25 November 2025  \nRevised: 23 December 2025  \nAccepted: 23 December 2025  \nPublished: 28 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal  \n2 Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal  \n3 LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal  \n4 ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal  \n5 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; [mmartins@med.up.pt](mmartins@med.up.pt)  \n6 Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal  \n* Correspondence: [cidalia.pereira@ipleiria.pt](cidalia.pereira@ipleiria.pt)  \nAbstract  \nThe consumption of water with very low mineral content (W-VLMC; water with total dissolved solids below 50 mg/L), despite limited and inconsistent evidence and the resulting knowledge gaps, has not been associated with health risks for the general population. However, certain population subgroups (those eating very unbalanced diets or avoiding certain foods, engaged in prolonged periods of fasting, and/or doing prolonged or strenuous exercise as well as pregnant or breastfeeding women) should be mindful of maintaining sufficient intake of all essential minerals through their food if regularly using this typeof water as their main beverage. The rapid expansion of water filtration systems—often producing W-VLMC—creates a timely and valuable opportunity to advance research on the health implications of W-VLMC intake. As these systems become increasingly common in educational settings and homes, children represent a subgroup experiencing rising exposure to W-VLMC. Additional studies are needed to assess the health effects of such exposure from early childhood. A complementary yet contrasting perspective is that the use of water intended for human consumption—with stringent quality control standards—and natural mineral waters—inherently pure, thus eliminating the need for filtration—with higher mineralization in both types of water, may provide an additional dietary source of essential minerals, especially for all the population subgroups mentioned above.  \nKeywords: water mineral content; natural mineral water; water filtration systems; children; bone; calcium  \n1. Assessment of the Risk of Consuming Water with Very Low Mineral Content  \nIn the context of European legislation, water intended for human consumption excludes natural mineral water and medicinal water, while spring water may fall under this definition depending on its mode of supply and regulatory classification, as these categories  \nare governed by partially distinct legal frameworks [1,2] . Water with very low mineral content (W-VLMC), whether table, spring, or natural mineral waters, bottled or tap, has long been widely consumed, especially due to factors such as taste, perceptions of purity and safety, and, in some regions, water scarcity (the latter leading to the consumption of desalinated seawater, also bottled or tap) . However, despite its wide use, robust data on its implications for human health remain limited [3–8] . Notably, the available evidence derives from heterogeneous study designs: epidemiological and public health studies have predomi","cbCaipC5xgY32G3l","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipC5xgY32G3l","pdf",283179,"English","# Abstract\n# Assessment of the Risk of Consuming Water with Very Low Mineral Content\n## Legislative context in Europe\n## Definition and scope of W-VLMC\n## 2020 BfR risk assessment and diet considerations\n## Consistency with international guidelines and WHO recommendations\n## Consumer groups requiring special attention","[{\"question\":\"What is W-VLMC and how is it defined in the article?\",\"answer\":\"W-VLMC is drinking water with total dissolved solids (TDS) not exceeding 50 mg/L. The article covers water intended for human consumption and natural mineral water (including bottled or tap).\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the article say the general population is not shown to face health risks?\",\"answer\":\"Despite limited and inconsistent evidence, available assessments (including the German BfR) indicate that normal intake alongside a balanced diet is not expected to cause long-term health risks.\"},{\"question\":\"Which groups should be more mindful when regularly using W-VLMC as a main beverage?\",\"answer\":\"The article highlights subgroups such as people eating very unbalanced diets, those avoiding certain foods, individuals in prolonged fasting, people doing prolonged or strenuous exercise, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.\"}]","Should Children Drink Water with Very Low Mineral Content? - Implications of the Global Expansion of Water Filtration Systems | PDF",1790772624,25]