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Participants were assigned to three groups: oral, written, and oral+written, and completed a pretest followed by three delayed post-tests at one day, one week, and six weeks intervals. Retention of 12 previously unknown words was tracked across one semester. Results show all strategies support short-term retention, while oral+written is superior in the long term and oral is least effective.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/short-and-long-term-effects-of-repetition-strategies-on-vocabulary-retention-article/589768/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/short-and-long-term-effects-of-repetition-strategies-on-vocabulary-retention-article/589768.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cipher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How were repetition strategies compared in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Participants were divided into oral, written, and oral+written treatment groups, and vocabulary retention was measured using a pretest and delayed post-tests.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"When were the delayed post-tests administered?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Post-tests were conducted at one day, one week, and six weeks after the treatment.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which repetition strategy performed best in long-term vocabulary retention?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The oral+written group achieved the superior long-term results, while the oral group was the least effective.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589768,1792068084,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Advances in Language and Literary Studies  \nISSN: 2203-4714  \n[www.alls.aiac.org.au](www.alls.aiac.org.au)  \n| Short-and Long-term Effects of Repetition Strategies on Vocabulary Retention\u003Cbr>Sultan Altalhab*\u003Cbr>College of Education, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia\u003Cbr>Corresponding Author: Sultan Altalhab, E-mail: [saltalhab@ksu.edu.sa](saltalhab@ksu.edu.sa) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>This experimental study examines therole oforal and written repetition strategies in consolidating |\n| Article history |  |\n| Received: December 27, 2017 | new vocabulary in the classroom context. The participants in this study were divided into three |\n| Accepted: March 13, 2018 | treatment groups: oral, written and oral+written. A pretest and three delayed post-tests given at |\n| Published: March 13, 2018 | one day, one week and six weeks intervals were utilised in the study. The short and long-term |\n| Volume: 9 Issue: 2 | retention of 12 unknown words was investigated over one semester. The results revealed that all |\n| Advance access: March 2018 | three types of repetition strategies were effective in retaining new vocabulary in the short-term. However, in the long-term, the oral+written group achieved superior results while the oral group was the least effective. The findings on the effectiveness of employing these strategies across two |\n|  |  |\n| Conflicts of interest: None | levels of vocabulary knowledge (meaning recall and form recall) are discussed. These findings |\n| Funding: None | demonstrate the importance of repetition strategies in vocabulary learning. |\n| Key words: |  |\n| Vocabulary, |  |\n| Repetition, |  |\n| Retention, |  |\n| Oral, |  |\n| Written |  |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nAccording to the taxonomy of Schmitt (1997) and Nation (2001), learners need to deploy two types of VLSs: “discovery” and “consolidation” strategies in their vocabulary learning. Consolidation strategies are an essential part of vocabulary learning, and utilised to retain new words; for example, repetition strategies, the keyword method and the use of note books. Repetition strategies are crucial, especially when starting to learn vocabulary, according to empirical research in this area (Gu, 2003) . It is important to revise new lexical items recently introduced in the classroom and to deploy repetition activities, such as oral and written strategies which might lead learners to better memorise the new vocabulary (Takač, 2008). Milton (2009:227) shares the same view that,‘multiple repetition may not help the initial learning of words, but may help them stay in the memory after learning’.  \nMost studies (e.g. Schmitt, 1997) on vocabulary learning strategies show the high value of repetition strategies, whether written or oral, according to learners’ responses in these studies. This shows the key role of repetition strategies in vocabulary learning based on learners’ perspectives. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the effectiveness of these strategies in vocabulary learning. Although several studies have been conducted on the use of certain consolidation (memory) strategies, such as the key word method (e.g. Rodríguez & Sadoski, 2000) and the use of note books  \n(e.g. Walters & Bozkurt 2009), little research has considered the effectiveness of two types of repetition strategies in EFL vocabulary retention. Many studies employ delayed posttests to assess long-term vocabulary learning within a short period of time after the treatment (e.g. one week); therefore, it is thought that having delayed posts after a period of six weeks is more helpful in providing an indication of longterm vocabulary retention, as will be discussed.  \nPREVIOUS RESEARCH  \nVocabulary retention is an issue that has been widely discussed in the literature. In vocabulary research, several studies have examined the different strategies and tasks in order to suggest the most effective way to consolidate new words. One of the key studies in this area is Hulstijn and ","cbCaikQBoRaYycvP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikQBoRaYycvP","pdf",332926,"English","# Introduction\n# Previous Research","[{\"question\":\"How were repetition strategies compared in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Participants were divided into oral, written, and oral+written treatment groups, and vocabulary retention was measured using a pretest and delayed post-tests.\"},{\"question\":\"When were the delayed post-tests administered?\",\"answer\":\"Post-tests were conducted at one day, one week, and six weeks after the treatment.\"},{\"question\":\"Which repetition strategy performed best in long-term vocabulary retention?\",\"answer\":\"The oral+written group achieved the superior long-term results, while the oral group was the least effective.\"}]","Short-and Long-term Effects of Repetition Strategies on Vocabulary Retention - Article | PDF"]