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10.3389/fmedt.2024.1320690  \nEDITED BY  \nGhanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani, Mayo Clinic Arizona, United States  \nREVIEWED BY  \nSeyedvahid Hosseini,  \nTabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran Leila Kianmehr,  \nShahid Beheshti University, Iran  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nSteven Zanganeh  \n [steven.zanganeh@uconn.edu](steven.zanganeh@uconn.edu)  \nRECEIVED 12 October 2023  \nACCEPTED 08 January 2024  \nPUBLISHED 01 February 2024  \nCITATION  \nBakhshi P, Ho JQ and Zanganeh S (2024) Sex-specific outcomes in cancer therapy: the central role of hormones.  \nFront. Med. Technol. 6:1320690 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fmedt.2024.1320690  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Bakhshi, Ho and Zanganeh. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nSex-specific outcomes in cancer therapy: the central role of hormones  \nParisa Bakhshi1, Jim Q. Ho2 and Steven Zanganeh1*  \n1Research and Development, MetasFree Biopharmaceutical Company, Mansfield, MA, United States, 2Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States  \nSex hormones play a pivotal role in modulating various physiological processes, with emerging evidence underscoring their influence on cancer progression and treatment outcomes. This review delves into the intricate relationship between sex hormones and cancer, elucidating the underlying biological mechanismsand their clinical implications. We explore the multifaceted roles of estrogen, androgens, and progesterone, highlighting their respective influence on specific cancers such as breast, ovarian, endometrial, and prostate. Special attention is given to estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and estrogen receptornegative (ER−) tumors, androgen receptor signaling, and the dual role of progesterone in both promoting and inhibiting cancer progression. Clinical observations reveal varied treatment responses contingent upon hormonal levels, with certain therapies like tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and antiandrogens demonstrating notable success. However, disparities in treatment outcomes between males and females in hormone-sensitive cancers necessitate further exploration. Therapeutically, the utilization of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during cancer treatments presents both potential risks and benefits. The promise of personalized therapies, tailored to an individual’s hormonal profile, offers a novel approach to optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Concurrently, the burgeoning exploration of new drugs and interventions targeting hormonal pathways heralds a future of more effective and precise treatments for hormone-sensitive cancers. This review underscores the pressing need for a deeper understanding of sex hormones in cancer therapy and the ensuing implications for future therapeutic innovations.  \nKEYWORDS  \nsex hormone, sex-specific oncology, cancer therapy, personalized medicine, sex-specific medicine  \n1 Introduction  \nSex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, are pivotal in dictating the physiological and morphological differences between males and females (1) . These hormones extend their influence beyond reproduction, significantly modulating a myriad of pathological processes, including cancer (2) . Over time, the conventional understanding of steroid hormones as transcription factors that predominantly regulate reproductive organs has changed (3) . Sex steroid receptors, including estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and androgen (AR) receptors, were initially perceived as transcription factors governing physiological and pathological responses in reproductive organs (4) . Upon hormone binding, ","cbCaiqVinT5AdxDt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqVinT5AdxDt","pdf",2005205,"English","# Sex hormones and cancer: biological mechanisms\n## Classical steroid receptor actions and evolving paradigms\n## Sex hormone–driven differences in cancer incidence and outcomes\n## Estrogen, androgen, and progesterone roles in specific cancers\n## Hormone receptor signaling and tumor subtype considerations\n## Clinical implications for treatment response and personalization","[{\"question\":\"Which sex hormones does the review focus on in cancer therapy outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on estrogen, androgens, and progesterone and explains how each influences cancer progression and treatment response.\"},{\"question\":\"How do estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and estrogen receptor-negative (ER−) tumors relate to outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights the distinct roles of estrogen signaling in ER+ versus ER− tumors and links these differences to underlying biological mechanisms and clinical implications.\"},{\"question\":\"What treatments are discussed as examples of hormone-influenced cancer therapy?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses therapies such as tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and antiandrogens, and it connects their effectiveness to hormonal levels and hormone-sensitive cancer biology.\"}]","Sex-specific outcomes in cancer therapy - the central role of hormones | PDF",1789987241]