[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-120559-en":3,"doc-seo-120559-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},120559,687197207919,"Theodora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552",8,"Research & Report","Sex Estimation in Terms of Inclination and Alsberg in Proximal Femur - Using Machine Learning Algorithms","This study predicts sex using angular variables of the proximal femur extracted from computed tomography (CT) images and evaluated with machine learning classifiers. Four measurements were assessed bilaterally in 88 females and 92 males: the femoral inclination angle (FIA) and Alsberg angle (FAA). Logistic regression (LR) and classification and regression tree (CART) models were trained and tested using 5-fold cross-validation, with performance judged by ROC area as well as precision and recall. Among the four angles, only the mean right-side FIA differed significantly between sexes (p=0.042). Overall classification success for LR and CART was similar (p=0.014 and p=0.017), but accuracy was modest (0.61 vs 0.60).","Sex Estimation in Terms of Inclination and Alsberg in Proximal Femur by using Machine Learning Algorithms  \nS. Sertel Meyvaci 1,* , Handan Ankarali2 and Mustafa Hizal3  \n1Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Bolu, Turkiye  \n2Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul, Turkiye  \n3Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Bolu, Turkiye  \nAbstract: The fact that the femur has a solid structure ensures that the integrity of the bone is preserved, making it favorable in the sex determination process. In this study, it was aimed to predict sex by using angular variables of femur from computed tomography (CT) images and machine learning algorithms. In this study, a total of 4 angular measurements, including the femoral inclination angle (FIA) and Alsberg angle (FAA) of the proximal femur on both sides, were evaluated on CT images of 88 female and 92 male adults. Logistic regression (LR) and classification and regression tree (CART) machine learning algorithms were used for sex diagnosis. 5-fold cross-validation method was used in the training and testing processes of the models. Model performances were evaluated with area under the ROC curve, Precision and Recall statistics. Of the 4 angle measurements evaluated, only the right side FIA mean was significantly higher in women (p=0 . 042) . The sex diagnosis success of the LR model and the CART algorithm were found to be similar (p values 0.014 and 0.017, respectively) . When the success criteria of each algorithm were examined, we saw that although sex estimation was significant, (Acc 0.61, Acc 0. 60, respectively) they were not very successful. We found that the machine learning algorithms applied to the variables of proximal femur angle parameters gave low accuracy of sex and the effect of both models on sex estimation was similar.  \nKeywords: Artificial neural networks, Upper femur angles, Sex assessment, Forensic anthropology, Femoral neckshaft angle, Collo-diaphyseal angle .  \nINTRODUCTION  \nSex identification of human skeletal remains is important in establishing the biological profile of an unidentified individual. Accurately estimating sex of skeletal remains is based on the presence of pelvic bones in forensic and bioarchaeological environmentsand their well-preserved nature [1] . In cases where pelvic bones cannot be used, methods developed from other skeletal components, including the femur, have been needed for sex assessment. The femur, whose main function is to bear weight and to provide stability to walk, is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the human body [2, 3] . Femoral inclination angle (FIA) is important in the evaluation of hip anatomy and useful for operation planning [4] . FIA, participates in the adult hip joint structure and also changes with age [5] .  \nStudies evaluating sex determination in the femur have examined various anatomical structures of the proximal and distal femur [1, 6] . In a study examining FIA in the proximal femur, a difference between both sexes was reported [7] . In another study, although FIA and femoral Alsberg angle (FAA) were evaluated according to age and sex, determination of sex was not assessed [5] .  \n*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Anatomy, Golkoy Campus, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, Turkiye; Tel: +90374 253 46 56; E-mail: [sedasertelmeyvaci@gmail.com](sedasertelmeyvaci@gmail.com)  \nSince plain radiographs are two-dimensional, radiographic assessment of femoral rotation is difficult [8], and accurate measurement of bone geometry is better achieved using 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) [9] .  \nThe aim of this study is to estimate sex with the help of FIA and FAA parameters in the proximal femur using current methods such as machine learning algorithms. However, due to importance of these angular param","cbCain7cdlGozKN9","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain7cdlGozKN9","pdf",927616,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Material and Method\n## Definition of Femoral Angular Measurement Parameters and Locations\n## Statistical Analysis","[{\"question\":\"Which femoral angle measurements were used for sex estimation in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluated four angular measurements bilaterally on CT images: the femoral inclination angle (FIA) and the Alsberg angle (FAA) for the proximal femur on both sides.\"},{\"question\":\"Which machine learning algorithms were applied to classify sex?\",\"answer\":\"Logistic regression (LR) and classification and regression tree (CART) were used to diagnose sex based on the measured angle parameters.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the main finding about differences between males and females?\",\"answer\":\"Among the four measurements, only the mean right-side FIA was significantly higher in women (p=0.042), while overall model performance showed similar but limited accuracy.\"}]","Sex Estimation in Terms of Inclination and Alsberg in Proximal Femur - Using Machine Learning Algorithms | PDF",1785730646,15,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"sex-estimation-in-terms-of-inclination-and-alsberg-in-proximal-femur-using-machine-learning-algorithms","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sex-estimation-in-terms-of-inclination-and-alsberg-in-proximal-femur-using-machine-learning-algorithms/120559/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Which femoral angle measurements were used for sex estimation in the study?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study evaluated four angular measurements bilaterally on CT images: the femoral inclination angle (FIA) and the Alsberg angle (FAA) for the proximal femur on both sides.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which machine learning algorithms were applied to classify sex?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Logistic regression (LR) and classification and regression tree (CART) were used to diagnose sex based on the measured angle parameters.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What was the main finding about differences between males and females?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Among the four measurements, only the mean right-side FIA was significantly higher in women (p=0.042), while overall model performance showed similar but limited accuracy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]