[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-349310-105":59,"doc-detail-349310-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","sex-differences-in-cancer-incidence-persist-across-race-and-ethnicity-research-open-access","Sex differences in cancer incidence persist across race and ethnicity - Research Open Access","","Background: Males show higher cancer incidence than females at shared anatomic sites. This study examined whether sex differences in cancer incidence vary by race and ethnicity within the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Methods: Associations between sex and incidence at 13 common cancer sites were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression, with male-to-female hazard ratios adjusted for cancer risk factors by race/ethnic group and tested via interaction terms. Peters-Belson quantification assessed how much risk factors explained the sex differences across groups. Results: Across 178,036 participants, sex differences persisted for cancers even after adjustment.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sex-differences-in-cancer-incidence-persist-across-race-and-ethnicity-research-open-access/349310/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sex-differences-in-cancer-incidence-persist-across-race-and-ethnicity-research-open-access/349310.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mimi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-26","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What question did the study address about cancer incidence?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It tested whether sex differences in cancer incidence differ across race and ethnicity, rather than assuming a single pattern across populations.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were cancer incidence differences between males and females analyzed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate male-to-female hazard ratios at 13 shared anatomic sites, adjusting for risk factors within each race/ethnic group.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Did adjusting for cancer risk factors remove observed sex differences?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No. Adjusting for multiple risk factors did not eliminate male-female differences for the cancers examined, indicating additional sex-related mechanisms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},349310,1790115140,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Francis et al. Biology of Sex Differences (2026) 17:121  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-026-00902-z](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-026-00902-z)  \nBiology of Sex Differences  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nSex differences in cancer incidence persist across race and ethnicity  \nJulia J. Francis 1, Hormuzd A. Katki 1, Barry I. Graubard 1, Christopher A. Haiman2,3, Loïc Le Marchand4, Veronica Wendy Setiawan2,3, Lynne R Wilkens4, Anil Chaturvedi1 and Sarah S. Jackson 1*  \nAbstract  \nBackground Males have a higher incidence of cancers at shared anatomic sites than females. We investigated whether sex differences in cancer incidence differed across race/ethnicity.  \nMethods Within the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we examined the association between sex and cancer incidence at 13 shared anatomic sites using Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate male-to-female hazard ratios (MF HRs) adjusting for cancer specific risk factors by race/ethnic group: African American, Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, Latino, and White. Statistical differences in the MF HRs by race/ethnicity for each site were assessed with an interaction term. The percentage of sex difference in cancer incidence that was statistically explained by the risk factors within race/ethnicity were quantified using a Peters-Belson approach.  \nResults Of the 178,036 participants, 46% were male and 54% were female. Adjusting for multiple risk factors did not eliminate the MF differences for any of the cancers examined. We found significant differences in MF HRs across race/ethnicity for cancers ofthe esophagus (Native Hawaiian MF HR 17. 67, 95% CI 2.21–141. 20; African American 1.28 0.69–2. 36; P = 0 . 018), liver (Japanese American 1. 28, 0 .96–1. 70; White 2 . 79, 1.81–4. 30, P = 0 . 005) and thyroid (Latino 0 . 21, 0.13–0. 35; White 0 . 83, 0 .50–1. 37, P = 0 . 005) . Cancer risk factors explained 82% of the overall sex difference observed for lung cancer but 0% of the difference for gallbladder cancer.  \nDiscussion Most non-sex-specific cancers have male predominance across race/ethnicity, which are not fully explained by cancer risk factors, suggesting there may be intrinsic sex differences driving these differences in cancer incidence.  \nPlain english summary  \nNon-reproductive cancers are more common among males than females. Often this difference is attributed women’s healthier lifestyle because men are more likely to smoke and drink than women. However, previous research has found that cancer is still more common among men even when accounting for these differences in health behavior. These previous studies focused mostly on non-Hispanic White populations, so they did not look at cancer sex differences across race and ethnicity. There may be different sociocultural practices or external exposures that could not be accounted for in majority White populations. Therefore, we examined the sex difference in cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study accounting for differences in age, smoking, alcohol use,  \n*Correspondence: Sarah S. Jackson [sarah.jackson@nih.gov](sarah.jackson@nih.gov)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \nThis is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will","cbCaif94UE8g6AeT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaif94UE8g6AeT","pdf",1188205,11,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Discussion\n## Plain English Summary\n## Highlights","[{\"question\":\"What question did the study address about cancer incidence?\",\"answer\":\"It tested whether sex differences in cancer incidence differ across race and ethnicity, rather than assuming a single pattern across populations.\"},{\"question\":\"How were cancer incidence differences between males and females analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"The study used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate male-to-female hazard ratios at 13 shared anatomic sites, adjusting for risk factors within each race/ethnic group.\"},{\"question\":\"Did adjusting for cancer risk factors remove observed sex differences?\",\"answer\":\"No. Adjusting for multiple risk factors did not eliminate male-female differences for the cancers examined, indicating additional sex-related mechanisms.\"}]","Sex differences in cancer incidence persist across race and ethnicity - Research Open Access | PDF",1790082698,28]