[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-332300-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-332300-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","serum-volatile-organic-compounds-in-the-diagnostics-of-esophageal-cancer","Serum-volatile organic compounds in the diagnostics of esophageal cancer","","Early diagnosis of esophageal cancer remains difficult because established diagnostic methods are limited and not suitable for broad screening. This study evaluates whether serum volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can act as emerging diagnostic biomarkers. Serum VOCs were profiled using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) in 55 esophageal cancer patients and compared with samples from 84 healthy controls. Machine-learning classifiers were trained on VOC features, with four effective models identified and a random forest model achieving high AUC, sensitivity, and specificity.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/serum-volatile-organic-compounds-in-the-diagnostics-of-esophageal-cancer/332300/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/serum-volatile-organic-compounds-in-the-diagnostics-of-esophageal-cancer/332300.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Liam","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is early diagnosis of esophageal cancer challenging?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Early diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of effective diagnostic methods and the absence of specific early symptoms. Current approaches like endoscopy with histopathology are time-consuming and not practical for universal screening.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How were volatile organic compounds detected in the study?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Serum VOCs were detected using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). The machine-learning analyses were built on the serum VOC data generated by this method.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What diagnostic performance did the best model achieve?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The random forests model using 5 VOCs showed an AUC of 0.951, with sensitivities of 94.1% and specificities of 96.0% for diagnosing esophageal cancer.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},332300,1790158282,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":116,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nSerum‑volatile organic compounds in the diagnostics of esophageal cancer  \nQi Liu1,2,5, Shuhai Li3,5, Mai Mao1,2, Xinru Gui1,2, Yanli Zhang4*, Yuxiao Zhao1,2, Longchen Yu1,2, Xin Zhang1,2 & Yi Zhang1,2*  \nThe early diagnosis of esophageal cancer (EC) is extremely challenging due to a lack of effective diagnostic methods. The study presented herein aims to assess whether serum volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be utilised as emerging diagnostic biomarkers for EC. Gas chromatography‑ ion mobility spectrometry (GC‑IMS) was used to detect VOCs in the serum samples of 55 patients with EC, with samples from 84 healthy controls (HCs) patients analysed as a comparison. All machine learning analyses were based on data from serum VOCs obtained by GC‑IMS. A total of 33 substance peak heights were detected in all patient serum samples. The ROC analysis revealed that four machine learning models were effective in facilitating the diagnosis of EC. In addition, the random forests model for 5 VOCs had anAUC of 0.951, with sensitivities and specificities of 94.1 and 96.0%, respectively.  \nKeywords Esophageal cancer, Volatile organic compounds, Diagnosis, Serum  \nEsophageal cancer (EC) is a common tumor of the gastrointestinal tract1. Its discreet onset and lack of specific symptoms in the early stages mean that most patients are at an advanced stage of the disease when they enter the clinic2, resulting in a poor prognosis for EC with a 5-year survival rate of around 15–25%3. Currently, endoscopy combined with histopathology is most commonly used to diagnose and treat patients with EC, however this approach is time-consuming and complex; these methods cannot be used for universal screening of early EC. Analysis of serum tumor markers is a simple and cost-effective diagnostic method that is in addition less invasive and more acceptable to patients. However, the markers currently used in such analysis, including CEA, CA 19–9 and CA 12–5, have low sensitivity and specificity and cannot be used for the early diagnosis of EC4,5.  \nVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be generated by a variety of different biochemical reactions in the human body, such as during the maintenance of cell membrane integrity, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress amongst other basic cellular functions6. There is ample evidence that VOCs can provide useful information about the metabolic state of an organism. Our body’s VOCs reflect biochemical reactions caused by biological activities such as cell death, oxidative stress, or inflammation. Disease-associated VOCs may be part ofa cascade of reactions occurring during the body’s response to injury. Studies have reported that cancer cells and healthy cells can produce distinct VOCs during human metabolic activities7, and the VOCs produced by different tumor cell types are also distinguishable8. As such, it is important to explore the distinct VOCs released by various cancer types to identify representative VOCs for each tumor type that could be utilised as a diagnostic tool9, 10. A significant amount of work has been done to find a relationship between the physical characteristics of VOCsand cancer. VOCs associated with cancer can be used to detect several types of cancer at an early stage, thus providing a significantly higher chance of survival11. The diagnostic model described by Wang et al. based on 16 VOCs in perioperative exhaled breath was efficacious in distinguishing between lung cancer patients and healthy people12. Daulton et al. tested the urine metabolomics of 45 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and 33 healthy controls using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and identified significant differences in four VOCs between these two groups13. Serum is a commonly used biofluid in metabolomics, monitoring serum levels of specific metabolites has become an important method of diagnosing early stage disease, and se","cbCainvWs8VBpa02","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainvWs8VBpa02","pdf",1896607,"English","# Introduction\n## Diagnostic challenges and limitations of current methods\n## Rationale for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)\n# Methods\n## Study aim and GC-IMS based VOC detection\n## Machine-learning model training and external validation\n# Results\n## Participant characteristics\n## Diagnostic performance of VOC-based models","[{\"question\":\"Why is early diagnosis of esophageal cancer challenging?\",\"answer\":\"Early diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of effective diagnostic methods and the absence of specific early symptoms. Current approaches like endoscopy with histopathology are time-consuming and not practical for universal screening.\"},{\"question\":\"How were volatile organic compounds detected in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Serum VOCs were detected using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). The machine-learning analyses were built on the serum VOC data generated by this method.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic performance did the best model achieve?\",\"answer\":\"The random forests model using 5 VOCs showed an AUC of 0.951, with sensitivities of 94.1% and specificities of 96.0% for diagnosing esophageal cancer.\"}]","Serum-volatile organic compounds in the diagnostics of esophageal cancer | PDF",1789997660,23]