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This cohort study analyzed 108,284 MetS participants from the UK Biobank to evaluate associations with 16 site-specific cancers, overall cancer incidence, and cancer mortality using Cox proportional hazards models and Benjamini–Hochberg correction. Over 11.86 years, urea showed inverse associations with overall cancer and oesophageal/lung cancer, while high urea increased male prostate cancer risk. Findings for some cancers weakened after multiple-comparison adjustment, and urea related to cancer mortality via an “L-shaped” dose–response pattern.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/serum-urea-concentration-and-risk-of-16-site-specific-cancers-overall-cancer-and-cancer-mortality-in-individuals-with-metabolic-syndrome-a-cohort-study/329412/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/serum-urea-concentration-and-risk-of-16-site-specific-cancers-overall-cancer-and-cancer-mortality-in-individuals-with-metabolic-syndrome-a-cohort-study/329412.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Quinn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the primary aim of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To investigate whether serum urea concentration is associated with the risk of 16 site-specific cancers, overall cancer incidence, and cancer mortality in individuals with metabolic syndrome.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the association between urea concentration and cancer risk assessed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Data from 108,284 MetS individuals in the UK Biobank were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, with Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the key findings regarding urea and cancer incidence?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Urea concentration showed inverse associations with overall cancer incidence and with oesophageal and lung cancers, while higher urea increased male prostate cancer risk. Some protective associations (e.g., stomach and colorectal) were not supported after multiple-comparison correction.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"How did urea relate to cancer mortality?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"A nonlinear “L-shaped” dose–response relationship was observed between urea concentration and cancer mortality, with urea quartile comparisons indicating lower risk at the highest quartile versus the lowest.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},329412,1790472581,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},962075114765,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Wu et al. BMC Medicine (2024) 22:536 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03758-5](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03758-5)  \nBMC Medicine  \n RESEARCH Open Access  \nSerum urea concentration and risk of 16  \nsite-specific cancers, overall cancer, and cancer mortality in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a cohort study  \nE Wu1,2,3†, Guo-Fang Wei1†, Yang Li4*, Meng-Kai Du4* and Jun-Tao Ni4*  \nAbstract  \nBackground The relationship between serum urea concentration and cancer in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum urea concentration and 16 site-specific cancers, overall cancer incidence, and cancer mortality in individuals with MetS.  \nMethods We analysed the data of 108,284 individuals with MetS obtained from the UK Biobank. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the association between serum urea concentration at recruitment and cancer. The Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used to account for multiple comparisons.  \nResults Over the median follow-up period of 11.86 years, 18,548 new incident cases of cancer were documented. There were inverse associations of urea concentration with overall cancer incidence, and the incidence of oesophageal and lung cancers, with respective hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) [HR (95% CI)] for the highest (Q4) vs lowest (Q1) urea quartiles of 0.95 (0 .91–0. 99), 0.68 (0 .50–0. 92), and 0.76 (0 .64–0. 90) . However, high serum urea concentrations increased the male prostate cancer risk (HR 1. 15; 95% CI 1.02–1. 30) . Although the Cox model indicateda protective effect of higher urea levels against stomach (HR 0 . 67; 95% CI 0.45–0. 98; p = 0 . 040; FDR 0 . 120) and colorectal cancer (HR 0 . 86; 95% CI 0.74–0. 99; p = 0 . 048; FDR 0 . 123), no strong evidence of association was found after applying the Benjamin-Hochberg correction. Moreover, across the median follow-up period of 13.77 years for cancer mortality outcome, 5034 cancer deaths were detected. An“L-shaped” nonlinear dose–response relationship between urea concentration and cancer mortality was discovered (p-nonlinear \u003C 0. 001), and the HR (95% CI) for urea concentration Q4 vs Q1 was 0.83 (0 .77–0. 91) .  \nConclusions Serum urea concentration can be considered as a valuable biomarker for evaluating cancer risk in individuals with MetS, potentially contributing to personalised cancer screening and management strategies.  \nKeywords Serum urea, Metabolic syndrome, Cancer, Preventive  \n†E Wu and Guo-Fang Wei contributed equally to this work.  \n*Correspondence: Yang Li[li_yang@zju.edu.cn](li_yang@zju.edu.cn)[ ](li_yang@zju.edu.cn)Meng-Kai Du [11318151@zju.edu.cn](11318151@zju.edu.cn)[ ](11318151@zju.edu.cn)Jun-Tao Ni[njt1992@zju.edu.cn](njt1992@zju.edu.cn)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)[.](http://creativecommons.org","cbCainD154Hx5CUX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainD154Hx5CUX","pdf",2463934,12,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Background\n## Metabolic syndrome and cancer links\n## Rationale for studying urea","[{\"question\":\"What was the primary aim of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To investigate whether serum urea concentration is associated with the risk of 16 site-specific cancers, overall cancer incidence, and cancer mortality in individuals with metabolic syndrome.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the association between urea concentration and cancer risk assessed?\",\"answer\":\"Data from 108,284 MetS individuals in the UK Biobank were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, with Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings regarding urea and cancer incidence?\",\"answer\":\"Urea concentration showed inverse associations with overall cancer incidence and with oesophageal and lung cancers, while higher urea increased male prostate cancer risk. Some protective associations (e.g., stomach and colorectal) were not supported after multiple-comparison correction.\"},{\"question\":\"How did urea relate to cancer mortality?\",\"answer\":\"A nonlinear “L-shaped” dose–response relationship was observed between urea concentration and cancer mortality, with urea quartile comparisons indicating lower risk at the highest quartile versus the lowest.\"}]","Serum urea concentration and risk of 16 site-specific cancers, overall cancer, and cancer mortality in individuals with metabolic syndrome - a cohort study | PDF",1789984051]