[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-108926-en":3,"doc-seo-108926-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},108926,13056703019662,"Evangeline","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188",8,"Research & Report","Serbia’s New Growth Agenda - Increasing Exports - Country Economic Memorandum","Seeks to explain how export-led learning and knowledge spillovers can raise productivity and incomes, drawing on evidence that open economies benefit from technology and skills acquired through hosting multinational firms and through relationships between foreign and domestic suppliers. Evaluates Serbia’s recent export performance and competitiveness decline, the limited reach of export-support programs, and a policy shift perceived as favoring FDI over export promotion. Assesses conditions for exporters—foreign and domestic, public and private—and proposes policy areas to improve export competitiveness.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nTHE WORLD BANK SERBIA  \nCountry Economic Memorandum  \nSerbia’s New Growth Agenda  \nIncreasing Exports  \nBy Jaime Frias, Bojan Shimbov, Elwyn Davies, and Colin Ek  \nExport acronyms  \n7STEE 7 small transition countries of Eastern Europe that are already EU members  \nECI Economic Complexity Index  \nEPA Export promotion agency  \nEU European Union  \nEXPY Sophistication of exports  \nFDI Foreign direct investment  \nGVA Gross value-added  \nGVC Global value chain  \nM&E Monitoring and evaluation  \nM&EE Machinery and electrical equipment  \nMSMEs Micro-, small, and medium-sized companies  \nNTMs Non-Tariffs Measures  \nNQI National Quality Infrastructure  \nPRODY Individual Product Index  \nR&D Research and development  \nR&P Rubber and plastics  \nSBRA Agency for Business Registers Serbia  \nSDPs Supplier development programs  \nSITC Standard International Trade Classification  \nTPOs Trade promotion organizations  \nUN United Nations  \nUNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development  \nWDI World Development Indicators  \nWEF World Economic Forum  \nWITS World Integrated Trade Solution, World Bank  \nIntroduction  \nEvidence from several countries reveals that nations that have open economies tend to enjoy higher income than those with closed economies (Lind and Ramondo 2018). Openness to hosting multinational firms can lead to firms in receiving countries acquiring new technology and skills (Harrison and Rodriguez-Clare 2010), and to productivity-enhancing spillovers, particularly through vertical commercial relationships between foreign and domestic suppliers. Learning by exporting offers positive knowledge externalities, and it comprises myriad ways in which exports can stimulate growth in productivity, including development of exporter capabilities, such as marketing new products ; upgrading product quality; and acquiring expertise in managing customer relationships by dealing with foreign buyers. The value from knowledge spillovers and the promise of job creation are often seen as positive externalities and are usually brought in to justify policy interventions in the form of tax incentives, grants, and other concessions (access to land sites at minimal or low cost) . It is often thought that spillovers from foreign firms are driven by transfers of technology and by learning about markets by exporting. Learning from foreign buyers is supposed to be channeled directly to the exporters or passed through to local suppliers and competitors in domestic markets.  \nThere is some evidence that in Serbia, the international competitiveness of domestic exporters has been diminishing, and government programs to support links with markets receive meager financial allocations. Recent successes in exports of manufactures have revealed the great potential of Serbia, but these have been driven by only a few firms, many of them foreign-owned. This has lowered expectations of inclusive and widespread growth. There is also a growing sense that government efforts to promote exports and attract export-oriented investment in Serbia have instead been directed to attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) at the expense of export promotion, which has not been particularly effective. A looming question has become whether the current policy mix for promoting competitive Serbian exports needs realignment.  \nIn addition, costly inefficiencies may arise when market incentives are used to attract foreign investors and multinational firms without dealing with fundamental structural issues that may had been preventing them from coming in the first place. A recent note on the effects ofFDI on local suppliers in Serbia suggests that local firms can only benefit from knowledge spillovers if they already have a minimum level of absorptive capacity (Brussevich and Tan, 2019) . Furthermore, incentives to attract foreign exporters could be inducing firms to turn their attention to generating cost advantages and thus investing in ","cbCaiuPXP3nSphsF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuPXP3nSphsF","pdf",4100187,4,1,52,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Export openness and learning-by-exporting\n## Serbia’s export performance and policy mix\n## Risks from incentives and structural constraints\n## Scope, regional and aspirational peers","[{\"question\":\"What mechanisms link exports to growth and productivity in this memorandum?\",\"answer\":\"Exports can stimulate productivity through knowledge spillovers and learning effects, including exporter capability development, quality upgrading, and expertise gained in managing customer relationships with foreign buyers.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges does the memorandum identify in Serbia’s export competitiveness?\",\"answer\":\"International competitiveness of domestic exporters appears to be diminishing, and government support programs for market links have limited funding. Export successes also seem concentrated in a few, often foreign-owned firms.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the memorandum question the current export and investment policy mix?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that incentives aimed at attracting foreign investors without fixing structural issues can be inefficient, and that support may shift firms toward cost advantages and labor-intensive activities rather than technological upgrades or diversification.\"}]","Serbia’s New Growth Agenda - Increasing Exports - Country Economic Memorandum | PDF",1784475088,131,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"serbias-new-growth-agenda-increasing-exports-country-economic-memorandum","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/serbias-new-growth-agenda-increasing-exports-country-economic-memorandum/108926/",{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-30","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What mechanisms link exports to growth and productivity in this memorandum?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"Exports can stimulate productivity through knowledge spillovers and learning effects, including exporter capability development, quality upgrading, and expertise gained in managing customer relationships with foreign buyers.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What challenges does the memorandum identify in Serbia’s export competitiveness?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"International competitiveness of domestic exporters appears to be diminishing, and government support programs for market links have limited funding. Export successes also seem concentrated in a few, often foreign-owned firms.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"Why does the memorandum question the current export and investment policy mix?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"It argues that incentives aimed at attracting foreign investors without fixing structural issues can be inefficient, and that support may shift firms toward cost advantages and labor-intensive activities rather than technological upgrades or diversification.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]