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This qualitative exploratory study examined intraoperative surgical site infection prevention practices and outcomes among nurses managing emergency surgeries in a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Nineteen experienced nurses participated in semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis identified structures such as theatre layout, resources, supervision, protocols, communication, teamwork, and preoperative skin preparation, alongside improved healing and barriers from resource limits and inconsistent oversight.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sepsis-under-pressure-intraoperative-surgical-site-infection-prevention-practices-among-nurses-in-emergency-surgical-settings-a-qualitative-study/458968/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sepsis-under-pressure-intraoperative-surgical-site-infection-prevention-practices-among-nurses-in-emergency-surgical-settings-a-qualitative-study/458968.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1790064749","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the study’s main focus regarding nurses in emergency surgeries?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study examined intraoperative surgical site infection prevention measures and their outcomes among nurses managing emergency surgeries in a tertiary hospital in Ghana.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were participants selected and what method was used for analysis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Nineteen nurses with at least three years of experience were purposively selected, and data from semi-structured face-to-face interviews were analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s approach.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What structures influenced surgical site infection prevention according to the findings?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Identified influences included theatre physical layout, availability of equipment and materials, monitoring and supervision, institutional protocols, communication and teamwork, and preoperative skin preparation.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"What outcomes and barriers were reported for nursing interventions?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"Outcomes included improved wound healing and enhanced job satisfaction, while barriers included resource limitations and inconsistent supervision; infections could cause emotional distress and increased workload.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},458968,1791455278,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},3985747859154,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","OPEN ACCESS  \nCitation: Nyarko R, Tornu E, Mensah GP (2026) Sepsis under pressure, intraoperative surgical site infection prevention practices among nurses in emergency surgical settings:  \nA qualitative study. PLoS One 21(1): e0340833 .  \n[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0340833](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0340833)  \nEditor: Nan Jiang, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, CHINA  \nReceived: August 26, 2025  \nAccepted: December 27, 2025  \nPublished: January 8, 2026  \nPeer Review History: PLOS recognizes the benefits of transparency in the peer review process; therefore, we enable the publication of all of the content of peer review and author responses alongside final, published articles. The editorial history of this article is available here: [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal). pone.0340833  \nCopyright: © 2026 Nyarko et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE  \nSepsis under pressure, intraoperative surgical site infection prevention practices among nurses in emergency surgical settings: A qualitative study  \nRacheal Nyarko1¤, Eric Tornu1, Gwendolyn Patience Mensah2*  \n1 Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana, 2 Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana  \n¤ Current address: Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) Nursing and Midwifery Training College, Kwadaso – Kumasi, Ghana  \n* [gpmensah@ug.edu.gh](gpmensah@ug.edu.gh)  \nAbstract  \nBackground  \nSurgical site infections are among the most common and preventable healthcareassociated infections globally. Nurses play a pivotal role in implementing preventive measures for surgical site infections. This study examined intraoperative surgical site infection prevention measures and their outcomes among nurses managing emergency surgeries at a tertiary hospital in Ghana.  \nMethods  \nA qualitative exploratory descriptive design was employed. Nineteen nurses with at least three years of experience in the operating theatre were purposively selected from the surgical directorate of a teaching hospital in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face individual interviews and analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s approach.  \nFindings  \nThe two themes and eight subthemes generated revealed that the structures influencing surgical site infection prevention encompassed the physical layout of the theatre, availability of equipment and materials, monitoring and supervision, institutional protocols, communication and teamwork and preoperative skin preparation. Furthermore, the outcomes of nursing interventions included improved wound healing and enhanced job satisfaction. However, resource limitations and inconsistent supervision posed barriers to optimal care. Nurses expressed fulfilment when wound healing progressed well, while infections led to emotional distress and increased workload.  \nPLOS One | [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0340833](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0340833) January 8, 2026 1 / 12  \nData availability statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information files.  \nFunding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.  \nCompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.  \nAbbreviations: ASA: American Society of Anaesthesiologists; CHG: Chlorhexidine; CSSDs: Central Sterilization Supply Departments; LMIC’s: Low Middle-Income Countries; LTCS: Low Transverse Caesarean Section; IPAC: Isopropyl Alcohol; NHS: National Health Service; MDT: Multidisciplinary Team; QOL: Quality of Life; SSI’s: Surgic","cbCaio4UkDNURxd0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio4UkDNURxd0","pdf",309222,12,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Findings\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Surgical site infections as a persistent challenge\n## SSI variability and emergency surgery risk","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main focus regarding nurses in emergency surgeries?\",\"answer\":\"The study examined intraoperative surgical site infection prevention measures and their outcomes among nurses managing emergency surgeries in a tertiary hospital in Ghana.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants selected and what method was used for analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Nineteen nurses with at least three years of experience were purposively selected, and data from semi-structured face-to-face interviews were analyzed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s approach.\"},{\"question\":\"What structures influenced surgical site infection prevention according to the findings?\",\"answer\":\"Identified influences included theatre physical layout, availability of equipment and materials, monitoring and supervision, institutional protocols, communication and teamwork, and preoperative skin preparation.\"},{\"question\":\"What outcomes and barriers were reported for nursing interventions?\",\"answer\":\"Outcomes included improved wound healing and enhanced job satisfaction, while barriers included resource limitations and inconsistent supervision; infections could cause emotional distress and increased workload.\"}]","Sepsis under pressure, intraoperative surgical site infection prevention practices among nurses in emergency surgical settings - A qualitative study | PDF",1790754868]