[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-356938-105":3,"doc-detail-356938-en":79,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":97},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":72,"head_meta":74,"extra_data":76,"updated_unix":78},105,"en","sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy-in-vulvar-cancer-review-article-current-evidence-limitations-and-future-perspectives","Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer - Review article - current evidence, limitations, and future perspectives","","Vulvar cancer is a rare gynecologic malignancy where regional lymph node status is the strongest prognostic determinant and guides treatment choices. For about 60 years, bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy was used for staging and control despite causing relevant morbidity and long-term quality-of-life impairment. Over the last 20 years, sentinel lymph node mapping for selected patients has shown feasibility and safety, with reduced postoperative morbidity while preserving oncologic outcomes. Persistent false-negative risk and missed nodal disease require balancing undertreatment against benefit through expertise, ultrastaging, and structured surveillance.",{"@graph":14,"@context":71},[15,34,54],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy-in-vulvar-cancer-review-article-current-evidence-limitations-and-future-perspectives/356938/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":48,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":49,"interactionStatistic":50},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sentinel-lymph-node-biopsy-in-vulvar-cancer-review-article-current-evidence-limitations-and-future-perspectives/356938.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"eBook King","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":51,"interactionType":52,"userInteractionCount":26},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":53},"ViewAction",{"@type":55,"mainEntity":56},"FAQPage",[57,63,67],{"name":58,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":60},"Why is regional lymph node status critical in vulvar cancer?","Question",{"text":61,"@type":62},"Regional lymph node status is identified as the most powerful prognostic factor and a key determinant of the therapeutic strategy in vulvar cancer.","Answer",{"name":64,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":65},"What are the main drawbacks of bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy?",{"text":66,"@type":62},"Although effective, it is associated with substantial morbidity, including wound complications, chronic lower limb lymphedema, and long-term impairment of quality of life.",{"name":68,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":69},"What are the limitations of sentinel lymph node biopsy in selected patients?",{"text":70,"@type":62},"Concerns remain about false-negative results reported up to about 7%–10% in some series, with anecdotal reports up to around 27%, which can lead to missed nodal disease and worse outcomes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":73,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":75,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":77,"site_id":7},356938,1790174664,{"code":4,"msg":80,"data":81},"success",{"doc_id":77,"user_id":82,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":83,"doc_module":4,"category_id":84,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":85,"file_id":86,"file_url":87,"file_type":88,"file_size":89,"view_count":26,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":90,"language":91,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":92,"faqs":93,"seo_title":94,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":95,"read_time":96},962088006270,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45",8,"J Gynecol Oncol. 2026 May;37(3):e110 [https://doi.org/10.3802/jgo.2026.37.e110](https://doi.org/10.3802/jgo.2026.37.e110)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3802/jgo.2026.37.e110)pISSN 2005-0380·eISSN 2005-0399  \nReview Article  \nReceived: Feb 20, 2026  \nRevised: Mar 31, 2026  \nAccepted: Apr 11, 2026  \nPublished online: May 6, 2026  \nCorrespondence to  \nGiorgio Bogani  \nDepartment of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCSIstituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133 Milano, Italy. [Email: giorgiobogani@yahoo.it](Email: giorgiobogani@yahoo.it)  \n© 2026. Asian Society of Gynecologic Oncology, Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology, and Japan Society of Gynecologic Oncology  \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nORCID iDs  \nGiorgio Bogani  [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8373-8569](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8373-8569)[ ](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8373-8569)Andreas Obermair  [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-1117](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-1117)[ ](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2199-1117)Antonia Testa  [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-8726](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-8726)[ ](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-8726)Giorgia Gargenese  [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4209-5285](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4209-5285)[ ](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4209-5285)Valentina Chiappa  [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-209X](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-209X)[ ](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-209X)Francesco Raspagliesi  [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8953-1657](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8953-1657)[ ](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8953-1657)Neville Hacker  [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-2302](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-2302)  \nSentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer: current evidence, limitations, and future perspectives  \nGiorgio Bogani ,1 Andreas Obermair ,2 Antonia Testa ,3,4 Giorgia Gargenese ,5,6 Valentina Chiappa ,1 Francesco Raspagliesi ,1 Neville Hacker  7  \n1Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milano, Italy  \n2The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia  \n3IRCCS, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, Rome, Italy  \n4Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Rome, Italy  \n5Unità di Chirurgia degli Organi Genitali Esterni Femminili, Divisione di Ginecologia Oncologica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy  \n6Gemelli Women's Health Center for Digital and Personalized Medicine, Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy  \n7School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia  \nABSTRACT  \nVulvar cancer is a rare gynecologic malignancy in which regional lymph node status represents the most powerful prognostic factor and a key determinant of therapeutic strategy. For the past 60 years, bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy was the standard approach for staging and disease control. Although effective, this procedure was associated with substantial morbidity, including wound complications, chronic lower limb lymphedema, and longterm impairment of quality of life. In the past 20 years, sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has emerged as a less invasive alternative for selected patients with unifocal, clinically node-negative vulvar tumors less than 4 cm in diameter. Large prospectiv","cbCain6zEb4xmcWf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain6zEb4xmcWf","pdf",1033827,9,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and rationale\n## Evidence for sentinel lymph node mapping\n## Limitations and clinical implications\n## Practice considerations and future research","[{\"question\":\"Why is regional lymph node status critical in vulvar cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Regional lymph node status is identified as the most powerful prognostic factor and a key determinant of the therapeutic strategy in vulvar cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main drawbacks of bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy?\",\"answer\":\"Although effective, it is associated with substantial morbidity, including wound complications, chronic lower limb lymphedema, and long-term impairment of quality of life.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the limitations of sentinel lymph node biopsy in selected patients?\",\"answer\":\"Concerns remain about false-negative results reported up to about 7%–10% in some series, with anecdotal reports up to around 27%, which can lead to missed nodal disease and worse outcomes.\"}]","Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulvar cancer - Review article - current evidence, limitations, and future perspectives | PDF",1790128346,23,{"code":4,"msg":80,"data":98},[99,103,107,111,116,121,126,129,133,136,140],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":123,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":84,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},30,"research-report",{"id":90,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":132},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":135},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":137,"slug":139},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":141,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":142,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":143},19,"General","general"]