[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-592058-105":59,"doc-detail-592058-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","senior-high-school-students-thinking-levels-in-permutation-and-combination-using-solo-taxonomy-article","Senior high school students thinking levels in permutation and combination using solo taxonomy - Article","","The Ghanaian mathematics curriculum emphasizes critical thinking, yet senior high school learners often show weaknesses in higher-order reasoning. This mixed-method study used the SOLO (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome) taxonomy to assess thinking levels in permutation and combination among 256 males and 104 females randomly selected from three Ghanaian SHS. Tests and interviews provided data, analyzed descriptively and inferentially using Kruskal-Wallis tests. 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All Rights Reserved.  \nSenior high school students thinking levels in permutation and combination using solo taxonomy  \nStephen Junior Appiah 1  \n Emmanuel Kojo Amoah2+  \n Emmanuel Antwi Adjei3  \n Peter Akayuure4  \n1Department of Mathematics, Okomfo Anokye Senior High School, Wiamoase, Ashanti, Ghana.  \n[1](1 Email: appiahstephen812@gmail.com)[ Email:](1 Email: appiahstephen812@gmail.com)[ ](1 Email: appiahstephen812@gmail.com)[appiahstephen812@gmail.com](1 Email: appiahstephen812@gmail.com)  \n2,4Department of Mathematics Education, University of Education, Winneba, Winneba, Ghana.  \n2 Email: [ekamoah@uew.edu.gh](ekamoah@uew.edu.gh)[ ](ekamoah@uew.edu.gh)[4](4Email: pakayuure@uew.edu.gh)[Email:](4Email: pakayuure@uew.edu.gh)[ ](4Email: pakayuure@uew.edu.gh)[pakayuure@uew.edu.gh](4Email: pakayuure@uew.edu.gh)  \n3Department of Mathematics, Abuakwa State College, Kyebi, PMB, Kyebi, Ghana.  \n3 Email: [eaadjei8@gmail.com](eaadjei8@gmail.com)  \n(+ Corresponding author)  \nABSTRACT  \nArticle History  \nReceived: 19 June 2025  \nRevised: 21 July 2025  \nAccepted: 25 July 2025  \nPublished: 1 August 2025  \nKeywords  \nCommon core programme Critical thinking Permutation and combination Senior high school  \nSOLO taxonomy.  \nAlthough the Ghanaian mathematics curriculum emphasizes critical thinking as a core competence, students still appear to lack this skill. In this mixed-method study, the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome (SOLO) taxonomy was used to assess senior high school students’ thinking levels in permutation and combination. A sample of 256 males and 104 females was randomly selected from three senior high schools for the study. The data were collected using tests and interviews, and analyzed descriptively and inferentially using Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results showed that while only one-fifth of the students reached the higher relational and extended abstract thinking levels, the majority (73.9%) remained at the lower levels of pre-structural, unistructural, and multi-structural thinking. These students struggled to apply basic counting and multiplication principles in solving higher-order thinking problems. The Kruskal-Wallis H test further revealed statistically significant differences in thinking levels across the study programmes. General Science students demonstrated the highest thinking levels, followed by General Agriculture and Business students. The study concluded that students’ thinking levels in permutation and combination were low. It is recommended that teachers, textbook authors, and curriculum developers adopt representations and activity-based teaching strategies to help students develop a conceptual understanding of the topic.  \nContribution/ Originality: This current study analyzes the thinking levels of Ghanaian SHS students based on the SOLO taxonomy to identify the very low levels at which they understand basic concepts and also highlights significant differences in levels of understanding across various programs of study, suggesting possible pedagogical interventions.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nEvery day, people engage in mental actions often referred to as thinking. Almost every problem in human life necessitates the use of thinking to solve it. Remembering, considering, giving reasons, reflecting, and deciding on something to solve a problem are mental actions in the human mind (Celik & Ozdemir, 2020) . In the face of 21stcentury challenges, every individual should possess the thinking skills necessary to solve every problem. When an individual thinks about solving a mathematical problem, it means that the person is engaging in mathematical  \nthinking. Schoenfeld and Sloane (2016) state that mathematical thinking is the ability to think and make judgments independently.  \nThe process of mathematical thinking involves translating incoming external information i","cbCaiulYy0irHZa2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiulYy0irHZa2","pdf",284723,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Article History\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Background on mathematical thinking\n## Critical thinking in the Ghanaian curriculum","[{\"question\":\"What framework was used to assess students’ thinking levels?\",\"answer\":\"The study assessed thinking levels using the SOLO (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome) taxonomy.\"},{\"question\":\"How many students participated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"A total of 360 students participated, including 256 males and 104 females.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the results show about students’ thinking levels in permutation and combination?\",\"answer\":\"Most students remained at lower SOLO levels, with only about one-fifth reaching higher relational and extended abstract levels.\"}]","Senior high school students thinking levels in permutation and combination using solo taxonomy - Article | PDF",1792073772,33]