[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-289848-105":59,"doc-detail-289848-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","semantic-divergence-of-rare-from-a-different-perspective","Semantic divergence of-(r)are - From a different perspective","","Semantic divergence of the Japanese passive morpheme -(r)are is analyzed from a different perspective. The paper argues that the historical divergence into passive, spontaneous, potential (ability), and honorific uses can be explained through a uniform core meaning: the triadic relation of “lack of control” among an agent, an undergoer, and an event. Using an HPSG-based lexical representation for a passive verb, it derives an adversative implicature for indirect passives by linking felicity to pragmatic involvement or event effects on the relevant individual.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/semantic-divergence-of-rare-from-a-different-perspective/289848/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/semantic-divergence-of-rare-from-a-different-perspective/289848.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Anda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-18","2026-09-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What four uses does -(r)are have in Japanese according to the paper?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The morpheme -(r)are is said to be used for passive, spontaneous, potential (ability), and honorific meanings.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What is the core meaning proposed for the Japanese passive in this analysis?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The core meaning is the triadic relation of “lack of control” among an agent, an undergoer, and an event.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the analysis account for the adversative effect of the indirect passive?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It argues that an uncontrolled event can be felicitous only when there is a pragmatically significant relation to the relevant individual; if the event has an effect on that individual, the inferred effect is typically construed as adversative.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},289848,1789637874,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962075006959,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e0002397efbe92a78e?_k=1776741047341049297","Semantic divergence of-(r)are: From a different perspective  \nDAVID Y. OSHIMA  \nStanford University  \n1. Introduction  \nThe Japanese passive morpheme -(r)are (-(r)ar in classical Japanese) has four distinct uses that are historically related: passive, spontaneous, potential (ability), and honorific. Although the path and driving force of this divergence have been widely discussed and to some extent clarified by traditional Japanese grammarians (Karashima 1993; Kuginuki 1991; Onoe 1998/9 among others), on several points consensus and satisfactory accounts have not been reached yet.  \nThis paper addresses the paths through which the meaning of-(r)are diverged, under the new light posed by the analysis of the Japanese passive by Oshima (2002), who proposes that the core meaning of the Japanese passive is the triadic relation of “lack of control”. Namely, I argue (i) that the relation between the spontaneous and the passive can be captured in terms of the relation between “general” and “particular”,(ii) that the proposed analysis of the spontaneous construction gives a straightforward account of its development into the potential use, and (iii) that the proposed analysis of the spontaneous construction gives support to the hypothesis that the honorific emerged from the spontaneous.  \n2. The Four Uses of-(R)are  \nIn this section I provide an overview of the four uses of-(r)are in modern and classical Japanese. I also illustrate the analysis of the Japanese passive, which  \n1  \n2 / DAVID Y. OSHIMA  \nis adopted here and which plays an important role in the following discussion.  \n2.1. Passive  \nIt is well known that the Japanese passive is “non-canonical”, in that it allows so-called possessive and indirect passives. In the literature, it has been commonly assumed (i) that two or more types of passives (direct/possessive/indirect etc.) must be postulated to explain various facts related to the construction, and (ii) that the “indirect” passive lexically implies an adversative effect caused by the described event on the referent of the subject (Kuno 1973; Gunji 1987; Uda 1994 among others) . Alleged varieties of the Japanese passive are exemplified below, with corresponding active sentences (if any):  \n(1)  direct passive  \na. Max-ga Pat-ni nagur-are-ta.  \nMax-Nom Pat-Dat hit-RARE-Past  \n‘Max was hit by Pat.’  \nb. Pat-ga Max-o nagut-ta.  \nPat-Nom Max-o hit-Past  \n(2) possessive passive  \na. Maxi-ga Pat-ni (zibuni-no) musuko-o nagur-are-ta. Max-Nom Pat-Dat self-Gen son-Acc hit-RARE-Past‘Max had his son hit by Pat.’  \nb. Pat-ga Max-no musuko-o nagut-ta.  \nPat-Nom Max-Gen son-Acc hit-Past  \n(3)  indirect passive  \nMax-ga Pat-ni John-o nagu-rare-ta.  \nMax-Nom Pat-Dat John-Acc hit-RARE-Past  \n‘Pat hit John on Max.’  \nAmong the three types illustrated above, only the direct passive has the basic characteristics of a cross-linguistically canonical passive, involving “promotion” of an object of the stem to subject and “demotion” of the subject of the stem into a peripheral function marked by an oblique case, -ni.  \nIn Oshima (2002), I argued that a uniform account of Japanese passivesis possible and plausible. I proposed that the core semantics of the Japanese passive is the triadic relation of “lack of control” among an agent, undergoerand event; a simplified lexical representation of a passive verb, formalized in the framework of HPSG (Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar; Pollard and Sag 1994), is given as follows:  \nSEMANTIC DIVERGENCE OF-(r)are: FROM A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE / 3  \n(4) Lexical representation of nagur-are- ‘be hit’:  \n􀀲  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀴  \nnagur-areHEAD ARG-ST  \nCONTENT  \nverb  \n\u003CNP[NOM]i, NP[DAT]j , \u003C PROj , NP[ACC]k  \n􀀲  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀶  \n􀀴  \nlack-control-rel ACTOR UNDERGOER  \ni  \nj  \nEVENT  \n􀀲  \n􀀴  \nhit-rel ACTOR UNDERGOER  \nj  \nk  \n􀀳  \n􀀵  \n>>  \n􀀳  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀵  \n􀀳  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀷  \n􀀵  \nThis analysis provides a straightforward account ofthe","cbCaiv4II6tI8a1I","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv4II6tI8a1I","pdf",60172,11,"English","# Introduction\n# The Four Uses of-(R)are\n## Passive\n## Lexical representation and semantics","[{\"question\":\"What four uses does -(r)are have in Japanese according to the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The morpheme -(r)are is said to be used for passive, spontaneous, potential (ability), and honorific meanings.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the core meaning proposed for the Japanese passive in this analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The core meaning is the triadic relation of “lack of control” among an agent, an undergoer, and an event.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the analysis account for the adversative effect of the indirect passive?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that an uncontrolled event can be felicitous only when there is a pragmatically significant relation to the relevant individual; if the event has an effect on that individual, the inferred effect is typically construed as adversative.\"}]","Semantic divergence of-(r)are - From a different perspective | PDF",28]