[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-83644-en":3,"doc-seo-83644-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},83644,1649267921044,"Ava Thompson","https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1800007509477c92dfb?_k=1782875107921204101",6,"Technology","Securing People and Their Machines Against Major Faults","Grassroots platforms are modeled as distributed agent systems where people control identities via self-chosen public keys and operate their own machines (smartphones). The work secures these platforms against major faults: identity loss (private key loss and/or key compromise) and state loss (smartphone loss or wiped memory). Recovery is peer-based, using a grassroots social graph plus identity custodians and platform-specific state custodians, with key rotation carried out off-chain when necessary and state recovery assisted by custodians.","arXiv :2607 .02304v 1 [ cs .DC] 2 Jul 2026  \nSecuring People and their Machines Against Major Faults Ohad Eitan  \nTechnion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel  \nIdit Keidar  \nTechnion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel  \nEhud Shapiro  \nLondon School of Economics, UK, and Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel  \n~~ Abstract ~~  \nWe consider grassroots platforms—distributed systems of agents consisting of people identified by self-chosen public keys and their machines (smartphones)—and wish to make them secure against major faults: the loss of their private keys and/or their smartphones. As grassroots platforms have no global resource to rely on for recovery, our peer-based solution is based on: (i) a grassroots social graph in which agents establish and maintain friendships; (ii) identity custodians, designated by each person, and (iii) state custodians, which are grassroots platform-specific. Upon a person experiencing identity loss, and given a willing supermajority of the identity custodians of the person, the friends of the person replace the old public key with the new one across the graph and restore friendships, where all friends serve as state custodians for the social graph. Choosing a new keypair, obtaining a new smartphone, and convincing identity custodians to will a change of key all happen“off-chain”. Recovery from machine loss without loss of key (e.g. smartphone run over by truck, or its memory wiped) is simpler, requiring only the help of state custodians.  \nWe specify the social graph and its secure version as guarded multiagent atomic transactions, and implement the secure social graph via communicating volitional agents, an eventually synchronous message-passing model one step closer to implementation. We prove the implementation maps runs with recoverable faults to correct runs of the specification.  \nWe follow a similar path for grassroots coins and bonds, showing a common core as well as the platform-specific aspects of state recovery: a currency’s single-writer log is recovered exactly, therecovered sovereign resuming without double-spending.  \n2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation → Distributed computing models; Theory of computation → Concurrency; Theory of computation → Operational semantics; Computer systems organization → Peer-to-peer architectures  \nKeywords and phrases Grassroots Protocols, Multiagent Transition Systems, Atomic Transactions, Major Faults, Key Recovery, Social Networks  \n 1  Introduction  \nGrassroots platforms. The Internet today is dominated by global platforms: centralised—social networks, Internet commerce,‘sharing-economy’—with autocratic control [52, 53], and decentralised—blockchains and cryptocurrencies [19, 20 , 37 , 51 , 49 , 50]—with plutocratic control [9] . Grassroots platforms [41, 42 , 43 , 46] aim to offer an egalitarian alternative. Grassroots platforms can have multiple instances that emerge and operate independently of any global resource except the network, yet interoperate and coalesce once interconnected into ever-larger instances, possibly a single global one. Key grassroots platforms include grassroots social networks [42, 29], grassroots coins [43, 28 , 44], and grassroots democratic federations [21, 46, 24] .  \nRecovery from major faults. Grassroots platforms consist of people operating their personal machines (smartphones) . A person’s identity is a self-chosen cryptographic key, anda platform’s state resides only on the personal machines of its participants. A participant may suffer a major fault: the loss of their private key (identity loss) and/or their smartphone  \n2 Securing People and Machines  \n(state loss) . As grassroots platforms have no central authority or global infrastructure to recover from, recovery must be peer-based; this is the subject of the paper.  \nGrassroots platforms have been specified via volitional multiagent atomic transactions [29], each agent being a person-machine pair and each atomic transaction guarded","cbCaiic81hyVuGUd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiic81hyVuGUd","pdf",897954,1,57,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Securing People and Machines\n## Recovery from major faults\n## Fault model","[{\"question\":\"What major faults does the paper address for grassroots platforms?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses identity loss (private key loss and/or key compromise) and state loss (loss of smartphone and/or its stored machine state).\"},{\"question\":\"How is identity recovery performed after a person loses their key?\",\"answer\":\"Given a willing supermajority of that person’s identity custodians, the person’s friends replace the old public key with the new one across the social graph and restore friendships.\"},{\"question\":\"What simplifies recovery when the smartphone is lost but the key is intact?\",\"answer\":\"No custodian authorization is needed: the person proves identity by signing with the retained key, and the social graph is restored from friends that still record it, with friends acting as state custodians.\"}]",1784189470,144,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"securing-people-and-their-machines-against-major-faults","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/securing-people-and-their-machines-against-major-faults/83644/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-17","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What major faults does the paper address for grassroots platforms?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It addresses identity loss (private key loss and/or key compromise) and state loss (loss of smartphone and/or its stored machine state).","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How is identity recovery performed after a person loses their key?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Given a willing supermajority of that person’s identity custodians, the person’s friends replace the old public key with the new one across the social graph and restore friendships.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What simplifies recovery when the smartphone is lost but the key is intact?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"No custodian authorization is needed: the person proves identity by signing with the retained key, and the social graph is restored from friends that still record it, with friends acting as state 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