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The study develops an independent, secure CBT platform with enhanced integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality. Security weaknesses and leakages are identified through review of security materials and physical inspection of CBT operations, while UML use cases, flowcharts, and E-R diagrams model the design. Implementation uses HTML, PHP, MySQL, and JavaScript, and local testing with WAMP confirms effectiveness, including a fingerprint mechanism.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/securing-computer-based-testing-cbt-system-for-tertiary-institutions-in-nigeria/203961/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/securing-computer-based-testing-cbt-system-for-tertiary-institutions-in-nigeria/203961.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"eBook King","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-05","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the research address in CBT systems for tertiary institutions?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It targets protecting examination questions from unauthorized access and strengthening integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality within CBT processes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is the proposed CBT system designed and modeled?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The design is modeled using UML use cases, flowcharts, and entity-relationship (E-R) diagrams, after examining CBT security aspects and vulnerabilities.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which technologies are used to implement and test the system locally?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The system is implemented using HTML, PHP, MySQL, and JavaScript, and it is tested locally using WAMP, including a fingerprint mechanism to improve authenticity and security.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},203961,1788565312,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},962088006270,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","1 Securing Computer Based Testing (CBT) System for Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria 2  \n3 ABSTRACT  \n4 This research, securing computer based testing (CBT), systems for tertiary institutions provides an improved means for protecting examination 5 question against unauthorized access. The research focuses on developing an independent and secure computer base testing system with an 6 improved level of integrity, authenticity and confidentiality of exam questions. The methodology employed for the research design include 7 studying writing materials on security aspect of CBT such articles and lecture notes as well as physically inspecting how the CBT system works 8 with a view to finding leakages and vulnerabilities. Modeling tools such as UML use cases, Flowchart and entity relationship (E-R) diagrams 9 were used to model the design. The overall design was implemented using HTML, PHP, MySQL and JavaScript platforms in order to actualize 10 the objectives of the design. The system was tested locally using WAMP and found to be effective in reducing the problem of authenticity 11 (especially with the Fingerprint Mechanism embedded) confidentiality and integrity ofexam questions.  \n12  \n13 Keywords: Vulnerabilities, unauthorized, fingerprint, secure.  \n14  \n15 1.0 INTRODUCTION  \n16 Computer-based testing (CBT) is the application and use of electronic system in place of manual paper-and-pen method for any assessment 17 related activity. Computer based testing system enables educational institutions and other organizations that need some kind of assessment to 18 conduct and schedule surveys, quizzes, tests and exams to be administered through a computer system and responses/results are electronically 19 recorded and assessed. The target is to make examination or assessment process fair, faster and reliable [1] The Paper based testing (PPT) method 20 is characterized by massive leakages, impersonation, and demand for gratification by teachers, invigilators etc. hence, the need for computer- 21 based testing. However, the non-existence of a known standard or framework for the design, implementation and deployment of the software for 22 administering the examinations(CBT) makes some of the challenges associated with the manual examination process to persist [2] In Nigeria, 23 most of the universities conducting computer based examinations rely solely on the software vendor for the administration of the exams. A few 24 that have managed to domesticate the conduct of the exam are either poorly managed or use porous, defective software.  \n25  \n26 The present problems associated with tertiary institutions in the conduct of electronic examination and registration for testing the ability of their 27 candidates are lack of resumption capability when power, network and or physical computer’s components experience failure [3]; poor integrity 28 of examination results due to examination questions passing through so many hands, especially when a private individual is involved [1] .  \n29 Questions to be uploaded into the server are scripts which makes the whole process very tasking and a measure of errors are unavoidably 30 introduced into the questions. [4][5]point out that most researchers in this field agree on the basis that some aspects of complex achievement are 31 difficult to quantify using objective type questions. All questions type in Microsoft word are being converted into a format that is acceptable to 32 the software [4] . Choice randomization distribution within each question must be performed to ensure security, robustness against cheat attempts 33 during examination process and impersonation in the examination hall, as well as conspiracy and collaboration of security agents and officials to 34 compromise the integrity of the examination [3];[6] . Unscrupulous practices by some administrators in the manipulation of exam scores of the 35 students and inability of the system to keep track of user activities are other possible loopholes ","cbCaiosRtyH1FB4R","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiosRtyH1FB4R","pdf",1287667,14,"English","# ABSTRACT\n# INTRODUCTION\n## Computer-Based Testing (CBT) and Challenges in Nigeria\n## Integrity, Confidentiality, and Authenticity Requirements\n# REVIEW OF LITERATURE\n## Cryptography in Computer Based Testing Systems","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the research address in CBT systems for tertiary institutions?\",\"answer\":\"It targets protecting examination questions from unauthorized access and strengthening integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality within CBT processes.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the proposed CBT system designed and modeled?\",\"answer\":\"The design is modeled using UML use cases, flowcharts, and entity-relationship (E-R) diagrams, after examining CBT security aspects and vulnerabilities.\"},{\"question\":\"Which technologies are used to implement and test the system locally?\",\"answer\":\"The system is implemented using HTML, PHP, MySQL, and JavaScript, and it is tested locally using WAMP, including a fingerprint mechanism to improve authenticity and security.\"}]","Securing Computer Based Testing (CBT) System for Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria | PDF",35]