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It explains their structural roles, references governing standards including AASHTO and internal BDM manuals, and lists code requirements and applicable design practices. The section further defines permitted abutment types and describes key design considerations for integral abutments, including load combinations, movement limits, and conditions when integral systems should or should not be used.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/section-11-abutment-piers-and-retaining-walls-111-general-requirements/649377/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/section-11-abutment-piers-and-retaining-walls-111-general-requirements/649377.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Helloiii","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-10-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are the primary functions of abutments, piers, and retaining walls in bridge design?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Abutments and piers support bridge superstructures. Retaining walls primarily act as earth-retaining structures but can also serve as an abutment for a dual purpose.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which standards govern the design of abutments, piers, and retaining walls?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The design must comply with AASHTO, this BDM, the Geotechnical Design Manual, and current Staff Bridge Worksheets.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What key limitations apply to integral abutments regarding movement and unit length?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Integral abutments must satisfy maximum unit length limits shown in Table 11-1 and keep total factored movement in one direction at or below 2 in., including temperature, creep, shrinkage, and elastic shortening.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},649377,1792919258,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},5909897196768,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","SECTION 11  \nABUTMENT, PIERS, AND RETAINING WALLS  \n11.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS  \nThis section provides design guidance and construction requirements for  \nabutments, piers , and retaining walls. Abutments and piers support bridge  \nsuperstructures, whereas retaining walls function primarily as earth retaining  \nstructures but can serve a dual purpose as an abutment. AASHTO  \n11.2 CODE REQUIREMENTS 11  \nThe design of abutments, piers , and retaining walls shall be in accordance with  \nAASHTO, this BDM, the Geotechnical Design Manual , and current Staff Bridge  \nWorksheets.  \n11.3 ABUTMENTS  \nCDOT permits the following abutment types:  \n• Integral  \n• Semi-integral  \n• Tall Wall  \n• Seat Type  \n• Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS)  \n• Other,(i.e. , semi-deep, exposed multi-column in front of a retaining wall , integral on sheet piling) with approval from Unit Leader in coordination with Foundations SMEs.  \nAASHTO  \nAbutments shall be designed for all applicable AASHTO load combinations. Table  \nLoads from the girders shall be applied at the centerline of bearing and can be [3.11.6.4](3.11.6.4)-1 assumed continuous over the centerline of foundation elements. Dynamic load [3.11.6.5](3.11.6.5)[ ](3.11.6.5)allowance shall be included in the design of the bearing cap and diaphragm  \nbut not the foundation elements. The Designer need only apply one-half of the  \napproach slab dead load to the bearing cap. Live loading on the approach slab  \nmay be ignored for abutment loading purposes since bridge live loads will  \ngenerally control. If no approach slab is provided, equivalent soil heights for  \nlive load surcharge of varying abutment heights shall be as provided in  \nAASHTO. Joints shall not be provided in the abutments as required per  \nAASHTO [11.6.1.6](11.6.1.6) because CDOT has not had an issue with abutments  \nwithout them. If the height of the bearing cap varies more than 18 in. from each  \nend, the Designer should slope the bottom of the cap.  \nWhen Strut & Tie Models are used for the design, they must be shared with  \nthe design checker to obtain concurrence on the models. Refer to Section 37.5  \nof this BDM for more details.  \nPile and drilled shaft spacing and minimum clearances shall be per AASHTO. AASHTO The minimum foundation element length shall be 10 ft. below bottom of bearing [10.7.1.2](10.7.1.2)[ ](10.7.1.2)cap. [10.7.1.3](10.7.1.3)  \n[10.8.1.2](10.8.1.2)  \nThe Structure Selection Report shall document the recommended type of  \nabutment selected for the project.  \n11.3.1 Integral Abutments  \nIntegral abutments are preferred for most bridges due to the elimination of expansion joints and bearings at supports , simplified construction , and reduced maintenance costs. Integral abutments rigidly attach both superstructure and supporting foundation elements so that the thermal translation and girder end rotations are transferred from the superstructure through the abutment to the foundation elements. The superstructure and substructure act as a single structural unit by distributing system flexibilities throughout the soil.  \nUse integral abutments where continuous structure units are shorter than the lengths shown in Table 11-1 (from FHWA Evaluation of Integral Abutments Final Report, 2006) . A bridge unit includes one or more spans and can be separated at a pier from an adjacent unit by an expansion device or a fixed gap.  \nTable 11-1: Limiting Structure Lengths for Integral Abutments  \n\n| Girder Material | Maximum Unit Length |\n| --- | --- |\n| Steel | 460 ft. |\n| Cast-in-Place Concrete | 460 ft. |\n| Precast and Post Tensioned Concrete | As calculated (460 ft. max. ) |\n\nAssumptions:  \n• Point of zero movement is located at the midpoint of the bridge unit.  \n• Maximum unit lengths shown are per current research recommendations.  \nAASHTO 3.12.2  \nIn addition to meeting the maximum unit length restrictions in Table 11-1, the total factored movement in one direction, expanding or contracting, at the integral abutment from t","cbCaidNLDsc02jy1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidNLDsc02jy1","pdf",4447636,46,"English","# 11.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS\n## Overview of abutments, piers, and retaining walls\n# 11.2 CODE REQUIREMENTS\n## Applicable standards and references\n# 11.3 ABUTMENTS\n## Permitted abutment types\n# 11.3.1 Integral Abutments\n## Preferences and structural behavior\n## Limits on unit length and movements\n## Design conditions and prohibitions","[{\"question\":\"What are the primary functions of abutments, piers, and retaining walls in bridge design?\",\"answer\":\"Abutments and piers support bridge superstructures. Retaining walls primarily act as earth-retaining structures but can also serve as an abutment for a dual purpose.\"},{\"question\":\"Which standards govern the design of abutments, piers, and retaining walls?\",\"answer\":\"The design must comply with AASHTO, this BDM, the Geotechnical Design Manual, and current Staff Bridge Worksheets.\"},{\"question\":\"What key limitations apply to integral abutments regarding movement and unit length?\",\"answer\":\"Integral abutments must satisfy maximum unit length limits shown in Table 11-1 and keep total factored movement in one direction at or below 2 in., including temperature, creep, shrinkage, and elastic shortening.\"}]","SECTION 11 - ABUTMENT, PIERS, AND RETAINING WALLS - 11.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS | PDF",1792799614,116]