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It covers key concepts including load distribution, frost protection in cold climates, and how foundation types relate to regional practices such as crawl spaces, basements, and slabs. The chapter also reviews major foundation categories—footings, walls, slabs, piers, piles, and alternative methods—then outlines the design topics and standards referenced for concrete, masonry, and wood systems using LRFD and related guidance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/se-006-design-of-residential-foundations-chapter-4-design-of-foundations/650175/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/se-006-design-of-residential-foundations-chapter-4-design-of-foundations/650175.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Alexandar","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main function of a building foundation in residential construction?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"A foundation supports and anchors the superstructure and transfers all building loads to the ground. It distributes loads over an adequate area so soil bearing capacity is not exceeded and lateral movement or settlement is minimized.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why must the bottom of a foundation be placed below the frost line in cold climates?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Placing the bottom below the frost line prevents freeze-thaw damage and frost heave of the footing. This protects the foundation from seasonal soil expansion and related failures.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What foundation types does this chapter address?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It addresses crawl space, basement, slab-on-grade with stem wall, monolithic slab, piles, piers, and alternative methods. It also discusses typical regional usage and design considerations for each type.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},650175,1792898145,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090768658,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","|  |\n| --- |\n| |\n| SE‐006 Design of Residential Foundations\u003Cbr>Instructor: Ivan Jelic, Ph. D., P. E., LEED AP, MIStructE, CEng\u003Cbr>Course ID: SE‐006\u003Cbr>PDH Hours: 8 PDH\u003Cbr>PDH Star | T / F: (833) PDH‐STAR (734‐7827) | E: [info@pdhstar.com](info@pdhstar.com) |\n\nCHAPTER 4  \nDesign of Foundations  \n4.1 General  \nA foundation supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transfers all loads (including those from flood, wind, or seismic events) imposed on it directly to the ground. Foundations distribute the loads to the earth over an adequate area so that loads do not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil and so that lateral movement or settlement is minimized. In cold climates, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line to prevent freeze-thaw damage and frost heave of the footing.  \nA foundation in residential construction may consist of a footing, wall, slab, pier, pile, or a combination of these elements. This chapter addresses the following foundation types—  \n• Crawl space.  \n• Basement.  \n• Slab-on-grade with stem wall.  \n• Monolithic slab.  \n• Piles.  \n• Piers.  \n• Alternative methods.  \nAs discussed in chapter 1, the most common residential foundation materials are cast-in-place concrete and concrete masonry (that is, concrete block) . Preservative-treated wood, precast concrete, and other materials may also be used. The concrete slab-on-grade is a prevalent foundation type in the South and Southwest; basements are the most common type in the East and Midwest. Crawlspaces are common in the Northwest and Southeast. Pile foundations designed to function after being exposed to scour and erosion are commonly used in coastal flood zones to elevate structures above flood levels. Piles also are used in weak or  \nexpansive soils to reach a stable stratum and on steeply sloped sites. Figure 4.1 depicts different foundation types; a brief description follows.  \nA crawl space is a building foundation that uses a perimeter foundation wall to create an underfloor space that is not habitable; the interior crawl space elevation may or may not be below the exterior finish grade. In mapped flood plains, a crawlspace that has the interior grade below the exterior grade on all sides is considered abasement. A basement typically is defined as a portion of a building that is partly or completely below the exterior grade and that may be used as habitable space, as storage space, or for parking. The primary difference between a basement and a crawlspace is height (basements usually are taller) . The floors of basements usually are finished, and the interiors frequently are finished. The wall height is sometimes determined by the depth of the footing required for frost protection.  \nA slab-on-grade with an independent stem wall is a concrete floor supported by the soil independently of the rest of the building. The stem wall supports the building loads and in turn is supported directly by the soil or a footing. A monolithic or thickened-edge slab is a ground-supported slab-on-grade with an integral footing (that is, a thickened edge); it is normally used in warmer regions that have little or no frost depth but is also used in colder climates when adequate frost protection is provided (see section 4.7) .  \nWhen necessary, piles are used to transmit the load to a deeper soil stratum with a higher bearing capacity to prevent failure from undercutting of the foundation by scour from flood water flow at high velocities and to elevate the building above required flood elevations. Piles also are used to isolate the structure from expansive soil movements.  \nPier and beam foundations can provide an economical alternative to crawlspace perimeter wall construction. A common practice is to use a brick curtain wall between piers for appearance and bracing.  \nThe design procedures and information in this chapter cover the following topics.  \n• Foundation materials and properties.  \n• Soil-bearing capacity and footing size.  \n• Conc","cbCais0EjbhLF3Qo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais0EjbhLF3Qo","pdf",4021329,91,"English","# Chapter 4\n## 4.1 General","[{\"question\":\"What is the main function of a building foundation in residential construction?\",\"answer\":\"A foundation supports and anchors the superstructure and transfers all building loads to the ground. It distributes loads over an adequate area so soil bearing capacity is not exceeded and lateral movement or settlement is minimized.\"},{\"question\":\"Why must the bottom of a foundation be placed below the frost line in cold climates?\",\"answer\":\"Placing the bottom below the frost line prevents freeze-thaw damage and frost heave of the footing. This protects the foundation from seasonal soil expansion and related failures.\"},{\"question\":\"What foundation types does this chapter address?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses crawl space, basement, slab-on-grade with stem wall, monolithic slab, piles, piers, and alternative methods. It also discusses typical regional usage and design considerations for each type.\"}]","SE-006 Design of Residential Foundations - Chapter 4 - Design of Foundations | PDF",1792820676,229]