[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-503205-105":59,"doc-detail-503205-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","scrambled-adaptive-matrices-sam-a-new-test-of-eductive-ability","Scrambled Adaptive Matrices (SAM) - a new test of eductive ability","","Inspired by the Raven’s Progressive Matrices, the Scrambled Adaptive Matrices (SAM) is an innovative, IRT-based online adaptive test. It has been applied in talent identification projects across educational and work settings, involving over 15,000 participants. The article presents the test and reports evidence on reliability and validity, along with response time, motivational concerns, adaptivity, security, and impacts of external variables including socio-economic status, age, gender, and pre-selection. Results support feasibility and psychometric soundness for ability assessment and talent identification.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/scrambled-adaptive-matrices-sam-a-new-test-of-eductive-ability/503205/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/scrambled-adaptive-matrices-sam-a-new-test-of-eductive-ability/503205.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Oliver","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-10-03",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the Scrambled Adaptive Matrices (SAM) test?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"SAM is an IRT-based online adaptive test inspired by the Raven’s Progressive Matrices, designed to assess eductive ability.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was SAM used and evaluated?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"SAM was used in talent identification projects in educational and work settings with more than 15,000 participants, and the article reports reliability, validity, response time, adaptivity, and security.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which external variables are examined in the study?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The article considers effects of socio-economic status, age, gender, and pre-selection on test outcomes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},503205,1791325855,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Scrambled Adaptive Matrices (SAM)– a new test of eductive ability  \nBalázs Klein1, John Raven2 & Szilvia Fodor3  \nAbstract  \nInspired by the Raven’s Progressive Matrices a new, innovative, IRT-based online adaptive test, the Scrambled Adaptive Matrices (SAM) has been developed and used in talent identification projects both in educational and work settings with more than 15 000 participants. The current article introduces the test and shows results on reliability and validity as well as response time, motivational concerns, adaptivity, security and the effects of external variables such as socio-economic status, age, gender and pre-selection. The data show that the newly developed instrument is a feasible, reliable and valid tool for ability assessment and talent identification in projects of all sizes.  \nKeywords: computerized adaptive testing, intelligence, item response theory, Raven Progressive Matrices, validity  \n1 Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Balázs Klein, University of Pécs,  \nResearch Center for Labor and Health Sciences, Hungary; [email: balazs.klein@gmail.com](email: balazs.klein@gmail.com)  \n2  \nUnited Kingdom 3  \nUniversity of Debrecen, Hungary  \nThe purpose of this study was to investigate and report the properties of a new, IRTbased online adaptive test of eductive ability – the Scrambled Adaptive Matrices (SAM) . Inspired by the Raven’s Progressive Matrices the test was developed by Klein in 2015 and has been used in talent identification projects both in educational and work settings with more than 15 000 participants since. The current study introduces the test and shows results on reliability and validity as well as response time, motivational concerns, adaptivity, security and the effects of external variables such as socio-economic status, age, gender and pre-selection.  \nTheoretical background  \nIn the beginning of the 20th century Spearman discovered that different cognitive abilities correlate highly with each-other and came to the conclusion that a common factor – the general cognitive ability (“g”) -must be responsible for this phenomena (Spearman, 1924) . He proposed that g consists of two very distinct abilities that complement eachother:  \n– “meaning making ability” which he called eductive ability, referring to the Latin“educere” word meaning draw or take out,  \n– and the ability to reproduce previously learned information, which he termed “reproductive ability”(Spearman, 1927) .  \nSimilarly to Spearman Cattel (1987) and Horn (1994) also proposed a two factor model of intelligence:  \n– the fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems (independently from knowledge accumulated in the past) while  \n– crystallized intelligence is the ability to recall and utilize past knowledge and experience.  \nThough it is important to emphasize that reproductive ability is not a crystallized form of eductive ability and the two abilities have different origins, are affected by different aspects of the environment, are related to different brain functions predict different outcomes in life and change differently with age, in the literature “fluid intelligence” is often used as a synonym of “eductive ability” while “crystallized intelligence” is used for“reproductive ability”(Raven, 2008 a) .  \nMeasurement of eductive ability  \nWhile reproductive ability is usually measured by vocabulary scales, eductive ability is usually measured by some sort of diagrammatical test like the Raven Progressive Matrices (RPM) developed by J.C.Raven in 1936 (Raven, 1936) .  \nRaven’s goal was to develop a test that  \n– requires no special training to administer,  \n– that can could be administered individually or in groups in a wide variety of settings (including homes, schools, and workplaces where there might be noise, potential“helpers”, and no quiet space),  \n– was easy to score and interpret,  \n– was theoretically sound,  \n– did not depend on the ability to read (e.g. written instruction)","cbCaifwABcqQJSZm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifwABcqQJSZm","pdf",2108456,42,"English","# Abstract\n# Theoretical background\n# Measurement of eductive ability","[{\"question\":\"What is the Scrambled Adaptive Matrices (SAM) test?\",\"answer\":\"SAM is an IRT-based online adaptive test inspired by the Raven’s Progressive Matrices, designed to assess eductive ability.\"},{\"question\":\"How was SAM used and evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"SAM was used in talent identification projects in educational and work settings with more than 15,000 participants, and the article reports reliability, validity, response time, adaptivity, and security.\"},{\"question\":\"Which external variables are examined in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The article considers effects of socio-economic status, age, gender, and pre-selection on test outcomes.\"}]","Scrambled Adaptive Matrices (SAM) - a new test of eductive ability | PDF",1791052051,106]