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The collection unites accounts from key participants and historians to examine how space scientists and governments viewed ESRO in the early 1960s, developments in solar and ionospheric research, and shifts from ESRO to ESA during transition years. Themes also include European cooperation and competition, national programmes, and major missions such as 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Sinclair","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the purpose of the symposium described in the preface?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It was organized to discuss critically the development of the scientific programmes of ESRO and ESA by bringing together major protagonists and historians of European space research.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which organizations are central to the symposium and the collection?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The proceedings focus on ESRO and ESA, with ESRO developments traced from its creation in the early 1960s and its transition toward ESA.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What kinds of contributions do the symposium papers include?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The papers combine personal recollections from participants with rigorous scholarly historical research, aiming to place topics within an agreed historic and thematic 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symposiumheld in Palermo5-7 November 1992Edited by Arturo Russo(159;1  \neuropean space agency  \nThe ESA History Study Reports are preliminary reports of studies carried outwithin the framework of an ESA contract.As such they will form the basis of acomprehensive study of European Space activities covering the period 1959-87.The authors would welcome comments and criticism which should be sent tothem at the appropriate address below.  \nThe opinions and comments expressed and the conclusions reached are thoseof the authors,and do not necessarily reflect the policy of the Agency  \nThe ESA History Team comprises:  \nProf.M.De Maria,Dipartimento di Fisica,Università di Roma La Sapienza',Piazzale Aldo Moro,I-00185 Rome,Italy.  \nDr.J.Krige,Department of History and Civilization,European UniversityInstitute,Via dei Roccettini 9,I-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole,Italy.  \nProf.A.Russo,Istituto di Fisica,Università di Palermo,Via Archirafi 36,1-90123 Palermo.Italy.  \nThe project is based at the European University Institute,where the ESAarchives are also housed.John Krige is the Project Leader.  \nThis is a special issue,outside the normal ESA History Study Reports,but com-plementary to them.  \nPublished by:ESA Publications DivisionESTEC,Postbus 2992200 AG NoordwijkThe Netherlands  \n# SCIENCE BEYOND THE ATMOSPHERE:THE HISTORY OF SPACE RESEARCH IN EUROPE\n\nProceedings of a symposium held inPalermo,5-7 November 1992  \nEdited by  \nArturo Russo  \nTable of contents  \nPreface  \nV  \nRoger BonnetSpace science in ESRO and ESA:an overview  \n1  \nJohn Krige29How space scientists and governments saw ESRO in the early 1960s  \nMarcel Golay411960:how many European astronomers wanted a space telescope?  \nCornelis de Jager57Solar research in the early days of COPERS and ESRO  \nA.Peter Willmore  \n67Ionospheric research by rockets and satellites in Europe in the 1960s  \nConstance DilworthThe Astrophysical Panel and HELOS  \n75  \nArturo Russo  \n81Cooperation and competition:the European space science communityand ESRO  \nBengt Hultqvist  \n89The start of space research in Sweden during the COPERS and earlyESRO years,with personal recollections  \nJan Stiernstedt  \n107Personal recollections  \nMichelangelo De Maria  \n113  \nItaly in space:Edoardo Amaldi and the take-off of the Italianspace programme  \nHendrik van de Hulst  \n125  \nScizing opportunities:some comments on the Dutch national spaceprogrammc of the sixties and the seventies  \nHermann BondiCrisis and achievements:ESRO 1967-1971  \n139  \nMaurice Lévy143The ESRO scientific programme during the transition period 1971-1975  \n147  \nReimar LüstFrom ESRO to ESA:some personal recollections  \n153  \nGerhard Haerendel  \nFrom sounding rockets to small satellites.A way of complementingESRO/ESA flight opportunities  \nKarl Hufbauer  \n171  \nEuropean space scientists and the genesis of the Ulysses mission,1965-1979  \nMartin HuberSolar system science for Horizon 2000  \n193  \n# Preface\n\nThe papers comprising this collection were prepared for a symposium held in Palermo in earlyNovember 1992.The aim of the symposium,organized in the framework of the ESA HistoryProject,was to discuss critically the development of the scientific programmes of ESRO and ESAby bringing together some of the main protagonists of the history of space research in Europe and afew historians working in the field.The symposium was sponsored by the University of Palermo,the Italian National Research Council and the European Space Agency.A financial contributionwas also made by the Palermo bank Sicilcassa  \nThe meeting was a fruitful occasion to unite the liveliness of personal recollections with therigour of scholarly historical research.It also offered all participants the occasion for friendlydiscussions and social events,while enjoying the beatiful landscape of the beach of Palermo-Mondello.And,last but not least","cbCaidU0TzOVloKJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidU0TzOVloKJ","pdf",27591620,230,"English","# Preface\n# Space science in ESRO and ESA: an overview\n# How space scientists and governments saw ESRO in the early 1960s\n# 1960: how many European astronomers wanted a space telescope?\n# Solar research in the early days of COPERS and ESRO\n# Ionospheric research by rockets and satellites in Europe in the 1960s\n# The Astrophysical Panel and HELOS\n# Cooperation and competition: the European space science community and ESRO\n# The start of space research in Sweden during the COPERS and early ESRO years","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the symposium described in the preface?\",\"answer\":\"It was organized to discuss critically the development of the scientific programmes of ESRO and ESA by bringing together major protagonists and historians of European space research.\"},{\"question\":\"Which organizations are central to the symposium and the collection?\",\"answer\":\"The proceedings focus on ESRO and ESA, with ESRO developments traced from its creation in the early 1960s and its transition toward ESA.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of contributions do the symposium papers include?\",\"answer\":\"The papers combine personal recollections from participants with rigorous scholarly historical research, aiming to place topics within an agreed historic and thematic framework.\"}]","Science Beyond the Atmosphere - The History of Space Research in Europe - Proceedings of a Symposium | PDF",580]