[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-586623-105":59,"doc-detail-586623-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","school-closures-and-the-gentrification-of-the-black-metropolis-march-2021","School Closures and the Gentrification of the Black Metropolis - March 2021","","Largely overlooked in the empirical literature on gentrification is the potential impact that school closures play in this process. The study tests whether weakening the neighborhood-school connection caused by closures changes the likelihood that nearby neighborhoods gentrify. Using longitudinal U.S. Census data and records of urban school closures from 2000 to 2012, it finds White college-educated households are much more likely to gentrify Black neighborhoods after a local school closes, especially in highly segregated areas.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/school-closures-and-the-gentrification-of-the-black-metropolis-march-2021/586623/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/school-closures-and-the-gentrification-of-the-black-metropolis-march-2021/586623.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What question does the study address about school closures and gentrification?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines whether school closures, by weakening the neighborhood-school connection, affect the likelihood that nearby neighborhoods experience gentrification.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does the study find about which households gentrify Black neighborhoods after closures?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"College-educated White households are far more likely to gentrify nearby Black neighborhoods following the closure of a local school.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do the results describe the impact of school closures in highly segregated Black neighborhoods?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"School closures increase the likelihood that the most racially segregated Black neighborhoods gentrify by 9 percentage points, corresponding to an average loss of roughly 200 Black residents during the period.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586623,1792188935,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687207412472,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","CEPA Working Paper No. 21-02  \nSchool Closures and the Gentrification of the Black Metropolis  \nAUTHORS  \nFrancis A. Pearman, II  \nStanford University  \nDanielle Marie Greene  \nStanford University  \nABSTRACT  \nLargely overlooked in the empirical literature on gentrification is the potential impact that school closures play in this process. This study examines whether the weakening of the neighborhood-school connection brought about by school closures affects the likelihood that nearby neighborhoods experience gentrification. Integrating longitudinal data from the U.S. Census with data on every urban school closure that occurred nationwide between 2000 and 2012, this study finds that college-educated White households were far more likely to gentrify Black neighborhoods following the closure of a local school. In particular, school closures increased the likelihood that the most racially segregated Black neighborhoods gentrified by 9 percentage points, a process that corresponded during this period to an average loss in these neighborhoods of roughly 200 Black residents. Results suggest that school closures do not simply alter the educational landscape, school closures are also emblematic of a larger spatial and racial reimagining of U.S. cities that dispossess and displaces communities of color.  \nVERSION  \nMarch 2021  \nSuggested citation: Pearman, F.A. , & Greene, D.M. (2021) . School Closures and the Gentrification of the Black Metropolis. (CEPA Working Paper No.21-02) . Retrieved from Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis: [http://cepa.stanford.edu/wp21-02](http://cepa.stanford.edu/wp21-02)  \nRunning head: SCHOOL CLOSURES AND GENTRIFICATION  \nSchool Closures and the Gentrification of the Black Metropolis  \nFrancis A. Pearman, II†  \nDanielle Marie Greene†  \n†Stanford University  \nMarch 2021  \nCorresponding Author  \nFrancis Pearman, Stanford University, Graduate School of Education, CERAS 524, 485 Lausen Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 ([apearman@stanford.edu](apearman@stanford.edu)).  \nKeywords: school closures, gentrification, urban schooling, segregation, displacement  \nSchool Closures and Gentrification  \nSchool Closures and the Gentrification of the Black Metropolis  \nIntroduction  \nAn underappreciated aspect of the recent back-to-the-city movement is that it is situated within a broader pattern of racialized sorting that has long guided the U.S. housing market (e.g., Krysan, Couper, Farley, & Forman, 2009; Lewis, Emerson, & Klineberg, 2011) . In particular, patterns of gentrification—influxes of relatively affluent residents and subsequent rises in property values in previously disinvested urban neighborhoods—are governed by a racial logic (Hwang & Sampson, 2014) . As White households have moved back to the city, taking up residence in and transforming certain parts of the urban core, many lower-income Black neighborhoods in the inner city have mostly remained structurally disinvested, racially isolated, and untouched by broader patterns of urban redevelopment (Sharkey, 2013) . Notwithstanding noteworthy instances of historically Black neighborhoods being gentrified by affluent White households (e.g., McElroy & Werth, 2019; Prince, 2016; Summers, 2021), the predominant pattern of gentrification is one in which White gentrifiers move into urban neighborhoods with few Black residents (Sutton, 2020; Timberlake & Johns-Wolfe, 2017) .  \nScholars have advanced several theories for why higher-socioeconomic status (SES) White households have been less likely to move into inner-city Black neighborhoods than racially mixed or predominantly White urban neighborhoods, including perceptions of crime and disorder, racial anxieties, employment opportunities, social networks, and residential amenities (Couture & Handbury, 2016; Ellen, Mertens Horn, & Reed, 2017; Sampson, 2012) . However, there is emerging evidence that schools may play a key part in this process (Pearman & Swain, 2017) . This issue arises because children typically attend sch","cbCaifCn3Meok7Bl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifCn3Meok7Bl","pdf",836216,37,"English","# Introduction\n## School closures and gentrification context\n# School closures and the neighborhood-school connection\n## Disinvestment, segregation, and resistance","[{\"question\":\"What question does the study address about school closures and gentrification?\",\"answer\":\"It examines whether school closures, by weakening the neighborhood-school connection, affect the likelihood that nearby neighborhoods experience gentrification.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the study find about which households gentrify Black neighborhoods after closures?\",\"answer\":\"College-educated White households are far more likely to gentrify nearby Black neighborhoods following the closure of a local school.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the results describe the impact of school closures in highly segregated Black neighborhoods?\",\"answer\":\"School closures increase the likelihood that the most racially segregated Black neighborhoods gentrify by 9 percentage points, corresponding to an average loss of roughly 200 Black residents during the period.\"}]","School Closures and the Gentrification of the Black Metropolis - March 2021 | PDF",1792058625,93]