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The guide explains how carefully drafted legislation can improve the likelihood of surviving court challenges, summarizes relevant constitutional provisions across all 50 states, and offers structured model guidance for policymakers. It also frames the legal context in light of federal jurisprudence, including the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2002 decision upholding a voucher program, and clarifies program types such as vouchers and tax credits.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/school-choice-and-state-constitutions-a-guide-to-designing-school-choice-programs/584404/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/school-choice-and-state-constitutions-a-guide-to-designing-school-choice-programs/584404.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1786070896","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of this guide?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The guide serves as a convenient reference for legislators and advocates to assess key constitutional provisions related to school choice in each state and to support drafting legislation that can withstand legal scrutiny.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does “school choice” include in the report?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It describes policies that let parents select educational opportunities for their children, including options such as public school transfers, charter and magnet schools, homeschooling, scholarships, and—within its focus—vouchers and tax credits.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the guide connect school choice to federal constitutional law?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2002 decision upholding Cleveland’s voucher program in Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, presenting it as a major victory for school choice under the federal Constitution.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},584404,1792209335,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},549768072016,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","School Choice and State Constitutions  \nA joint publication of The Institute for Justice and The American Legislative Exchange Council  \nby Richard D. Komer  \nand Clark Neily  \nreference guide  \nSchool Choice and State Constitutions A Guide to Designing School Choice Programs  \nThe Institute for Justice and  \nThe American Legislative Exchange Council  \nApril 2007  \nby Richard D. Komer and Clark Neily  \ntable of contents  \nForeword 1  \nIntroduction 2  \nHow to Use This Report 7  \nState Summaries  \nAlabama 10  \nAlaska 11  \nArizona 12  \nArkansas 14  \nCalifornia 15  \nColorado 17  \nConnecticut 19  \nDelaware 21  \nFlorida 22  \nGeorgia 24  \nHawaii 26  \nIdaho 27  \nIllinois 29  \nIndiana 31  \nIowa 33  \nKansas 34  \nKentucky 35  \nLouisiana 38  \ntable of contents   \nMaine 39  \nMaryland 41  \nMassachusetts 42  \nMichigan 44  \nMinnesota 46  \nMississippi 48  \nMissouri 49  \nMontana 52  \nNebraska 53  \nNevada 55  \nNew Hampshire 56  \nNew Jersey 57  \nNew Mexico 58  \nNew York 60  \nNorth Carolina 62  \nNorth Dakota 64  \nOhio 65  \nOklahoma 67  \nOregon 69  \nPennsylvania 70  \nRhode Island 72  \nSouth Carolina 73  \nSouth Dakota 75  \nTennessee 77  \nTexas 78  \nUtah 79  \nVermont 81  \nVirginia 82  \nWashington 84  \nWest Virginia 87  \nWisconsin 88  \nWyoming 91  \nModel Legislation 93  \nGlossary 95  \nAdditional Resources 97  \nAbout the Authors 99  \nAcknowledgments 100  \nAbout IJ 101  \nAbout ALEC 102  \nforeword  \n􀀱  \nWhenever school choice legislation is considered, the stakes are enormous. Children, parents, teachers and taxpayers all stand to benefit dramatically from well-designed programs.  \nThat’s why it is so important for all school choice legislation to be very carefully crafted, starting with an eye toward its constitutionality under relevant state constitutional provisions. Not only is this sound and responsible drafting, it also assures that when a choice program is enacted and then challenged in court it has the greatest likelihood of being upheld.  \nThis guide to the key constitutional provisions of all 50 states is designed to provide a convenient reference for legislators and advocates. As the reader will see, school choice programs are constitutional in nearly every state. The key is to design the right kind of program, and this guide is meant to help legislators do just that.  \nAny state summary in this report should be a starting point only. We encourage legislators to obtain copies of the American Legislative Exchange Council’s model legislation listed in this guide and to contact the Institute for Justice for the more in-depth analysis that will be necessary in crafting specific legislation.  \nWe look forward to working with you to secure the future of school choice  \nin your state.  \nWilliam H. Mellor  \nPresident and General Counsel Institute for Justice  \nLori Roman Executive Director American Legislative Exchange Council  \nSchool Choice and State Constitutions A Guide to Designing School Choice Programs  \nIs school choice constitutional? Inmost states, if a program is designed properly, the answer should be yes.  \nSince the birth of the modern school choice movement in 1990, with the creation of a scholarship program for inner-city children in Milwaukee, members of the entrenched education establishment have fought to stop school choice, often through legal attack.  \nMeanwhile, public support for school choice has grown, and 17 years later, K-12 school choice flourishes in Milwaukee (after two unsuccessful legal challenges) and 10 other states, plus the District of Columbia. On February 12, 2007, Utah became the first state to offer universal school vouchers, marking an important watershed for the school choice movement. And in 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court vindicated school choice under the federal Constitution as it upheld Cleveland’s voucher program.  \nachieve it. This guide—the first-ever state-by-state breakdown of state constitutional provisions relevant to school choice—demonstrates that a well-crafted school choice program is viable in ju","cbCaidaVTlvuT6VF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidaVTlvuT6VF","pdf",3056673,108,"English","# Foreword\n# Introduction\n## How to Use This Report\n# State Summaries\n## Alabama\n## Alaska\n## Arizona\n## Arkansas\n## California\n## Colorado\n## Connecticut\n## Delaware\n## Florida\n## Georgia\n## Hawaii\n## Idaho\n## Illinois\n## Indiana\n## Iowa\n## Kansas\n## Kentucky\n## Louisiana\n## Maine\n## Maryland\n## Massachusetts\n## Michigan\n## Minnesota\n## Mississippi\n## Missouri\n## Montana\n## Nebraska\n## Nevada\n## New Hampshire\n## New Jersey\n## New Mexico\n## New York\n## North Carolina\n## North Dakota\n## Ohio\n## Oklahoma\n## Oregon\n## Pennsylvania\n## Rhode Island\n## South Carolina\n## South Dakota\n## Tennessee\n## Texas\n## Utah\n## Vermont\n## Virginia\n## Washington\n## West Virginia\n## Wisconsin\n## Wyoming\n# Model Legislation\n# Glossary\n# Additional Resources\n# About the Authors\n# Acknowledgments\n# About IJ\n# About ALEC","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this guide?\",\"answer\":\"The guide serves as a convenient reference for legislators and advocates to assess key constitutional provisions related to school choice in each state and to support drafting legislation that can withstand legal scrutiny.\"},{\"question\":\"What does “school choice” include in the report?\",\"answer\":\"It describes policies that let parents select educational opportunities for their children, including options such as public school transfers, charter and magnet schools, homeschooling, scholarships, and—within its focus—vouchers and tax credits.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the guide connect school choice to federal constitutional law?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2002 decision upholding Cleveland’s voucher program in Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, presenting it as a major victory for school choice under the federal Constitution.\"}]","School Choice and State Constitutions - A Guide to Designing School Choice Programs | PDF",1792050907,272]