[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-444045-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-444045-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","scalable-phosphorus-doping-of-p-type-fes2-microcrystals-for-photovoltaic-applications-abstract","Scalable Phosphorus Doping of p-Type FeS2 Microcrystals for Photovoltaic Applications - Abstract","","Pyrite FeS2 is an earth-abundant semiconductor with potential for low-cost photovoltaic solutions, yet device performance is constrained by limited doping control and problematic surface defect chemistry. The study introduces a scalable liquid-salt growth route to achieve p-type conductivity in pyrite microcrystals through phosphorus incorporation. Three doping strategies are evaluated, with success linked to a FeS + P precursor containing the FeP4 phase. Hot probe results verify p-type behavior, while elemental phosphorus is thermodynamically unsuitable. ",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/scalable-phosphorus-doping-of-p-type-fes2-microcrystals-for-photovoltaic-applications-abstract/444045/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/scalable-phosphorus-doping-of-p-type-fes2-microcrystals-for-photovoltaic-applications-abstract/444045.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"นรินทร์","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-04","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":26},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"Why does p-type doping matter for pyrite FeS2 photovoltaic devices?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Pyrite FeS2 is typically n-type and its devices suffer from low open-circuit voltages due to formation of a leaky p-type inversion layer at the surface. Uniformly doping crystals to p-type is expected to improve consistent electronic behavior across the entire crystal.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How is the scalable p-type pyrite doping approach achieved in this study?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The work uses a liquid salt growth method with phosphorus to synthesize and dope pyrite microcrystals toward p-type conductivity. It specifically explores FeS + P precursor chemistry to enable the desired doping outcome.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"Which doping strategy and precursor combination is identified as successful?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Among three established semiconductor doping strategies, the successful route involves using a FeS + P precursor that contains the FeP4 phase.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},444045,1791097343,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":26,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":111,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":117},2336475104957,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c6bd8a5076e1?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787554080175789136","This article is licensed under CC-BY 4.0   \n[http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf](http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf)  Article   \nScalable Phosphorus Doping of p‑Type FeS2 Microcrystals for Photovoltaic Applications  \nKatriin Reedo, * Taavi Raadik, Mare Altosaar, Maris Pilvet, Annaly Gutjuma, J̈uri Krustok, and Peeter Paaver  \n Cite This: ACS Omega 2025, 10, 58869−58876  \nRead Online  \n\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ACCESS   | Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |  | *sı Supporting Information |\n\nABSTRACT: Pyrite FeS2 is an Earth-abundant semiconductor with the potential to deliver the lowest-cost photovoltaic solutions available today. However, progress has been limited by poor control over doping and surface defect chemistry, leading to consistently low device efficiencies. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time a truly scalable approach to achieve p-type conductivity of pyrite microcrystals using phosphorus via the liquid salt growth method. We systematically explore three established doping strategies for semiconductors and identify the successful route involving the use of a FeS + P precursor containing the FeP4 phase. Hot probe measurements confirm p-type conductivity. Neutral sources such as elemental phosphorus are shown to be thermodynamically unsuitable and fail to induce p-type behavior. This study also identifies a phosphorus compound suitable for producing p-type FeS2 microcrystals, offering a new foundation for the development of pyrite photovoltaic devices.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nIron disulfide (FeS2 ) of pyrite structure is an n-type semiconductor, typically unintentionally doped via sulfur vacancies.1,2 Pyrite (used interchangeably with FeS2 in this study) exhibits several key physical properties desirable for photovoltaic absorber materials, including a suitable bandgap of 0.95 eV, a high light absorption coefficient (4 × 105 cm−1), and electron mobility of 360 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature.3−5 Due to the inexpensive constituent elements, a pyrite solar cell with only 4% efficiency has been projected to match the cost-effectiveness of a 19% efficient silicon-based device.6 The low energy requirements for extracting and processing its precursor materials have made FeS2 attractive asa potential photovoltaic absorber for extraterrestrial applications, including lunar base power systems.7  \nDespite the long history of research, device efficiencies remain below 3%, primarily due to low open-circuit voltages (VOC).8,9 This limitation arises from the formation of an ultrathin p-type inversion layer on the surface of n-type pyrite, resulting in a leaky internal junction.10, 11 This surface inversion effect is particularly pronounced in thin films, where the surface-to-volume ratio is higher than in bulk single crystals. Extensive efforts have focused on understanding this surface inversion and mitigating its effects through chemical and electrochemical etching.2,3, 12 While trying to avoid the creation of the inverse surface layer is relevant, a potentially more effective strategy is to uniformly dope the crystals, thereby altering their conductivity type from n-type to p-type and ensuring consistent electronic behavior throughout the whole crystal. Successful p-type doping of single-crystal FeS2 has only  \nbeen reported in one study,13 in which the authors employed phosphorus (P) doping to synthesize a p-type pyrite crystal via chemical vapor transport. Phosphorus was identified as an acceptor approximately 175 meV above the valence band maximum. The study13 also reported the solubility limit of P in FeS2 at around 100 ppm. This development represents a critical step forward in pyrite photovoltaics and will be advanced further in the current study to develop a scalable  \nmethod for synthesizing and doping p-type pyrite crystals.  \nIn earlier research,7, 14, 15 we employed the molten salt synthesis-growth method to produce FeS2 microcrystals, which all showed n-type condu","cbCaiqSs1SupH9mN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqSs1SupH9mN","pdf",5091662,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Limits of n-type pyrite and surface inversion\n## Prior p-type doping work via phosphorus\n## Molten salt synthesis method and microcrystal production","[{\"question\":\"Why does p-type doping matter for pyrite FeS2 photovoltaic devices?\",\"answer\":\"Pyrite FeS2 is typically n-type and its devices suffer from low open-circuit voltages due to formation of a leaky p-type inversion layer at the surface. Uniformly doping crystals to p-type is expected to improve consistent electronic behavior across the entire crystal.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the scalable p-type pyrite doping approach achieved in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The work uses a liquid salt growth method with phosphorus to synthesize and dope pyrite microcrystals toward p-type conductivity. It specifically explores FeS + P precursor chemistry to enable the desired doping outcome.\"},{\"question\":\"Which doping strategy and precursor combination is identified as successful?\",\"answer\":\"Among three established semiconductor doping strategies, the successful route involves using a FeS + P precursor that contains the FeP4 phase.\"}]","Scalable Phosphorus Doping of p-Type FeS2 Microcrystals for Photovoltaic Applications - Abstract | PDF",1790706650]