[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-267185-105":59,"doc-detail-267185-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","sat1-and-sat2-fmd-vaccine-strains-broad-antigenic-coverage-aligned-with-current-epidemiological-needs","SAT1 and SAT2 FMD Vaccine Strains - Broad Antigenic Coverage Aligned with Current Epidemiological Needs","","SAT1 and SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus emergence in Middle Eastern countries during 2023 and 2025 poses a major risk to livestock with limited prior exposure, increasing the likelihood of severe outbreaks beyond the region. The study evaluates the immunological performance of SAT1 and SAT2 vaccine strains, showing induction of strong, long-lasting immunity and broad cross-neutralizing responses. Results indicate suitability for systematic vaccination programs and antigen bank emergency reserves.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sat1-and-sat2-fmd-vaccine-strains-broad-antigenic-coverage-aligned-with-current-epidemiological-needs/267185/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sat1-and-sat2-fmd-vaccine-strains-broad-antigenic-coverage-aligned-with-current-epidemiological-needs/267185.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jordan Avery","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-14",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are SAT1 and SAT2 vaccine strains considered a timely intervention?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Emergence of SAT2 and SAT1 FMDV in 2023 and 2025 creates unusual risk for livestock with little or no prior exposure, making strategic vaccine development necessary for outbreak control beyond the region.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were the SAT1 and SAT2 monovalent vaccines formulated and tested for potency?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Monovalent vaccines were produced in Argentina under GMP as high-potency water-in-oil single emulsions with purified antigens. Potency was assessed in FMD-seronegative cattle after a single 2 mL dose using controlled trials supervised by SENASA and related reference laboratory testing.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do the results show about homologous and heterologous neutralizing immunity?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Each single dose induced robust homologous neutralizing antibody responses. Heterologous analysis showed SAT2 vaccine strength against multiple topotypes and SAT1 vaccine high titers against isolates from several topotypes, with titers exceeding the protective threshold.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},267185,1789415808,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":8,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":81},1099523882367,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","27th SEACFMD National Coordinator Meeting-Luang Prabang, Laos  \nSAT1 and SAT2 FMD VaccineStrains:  \nBroad Antigenic Coverage Aligned with Current Epidemiological Needs  \nCecilia Caldevilla, Pilar Mejías, Jorge Filippi, Facundo Romero, Romina Scian, Yoenten Phuentshok and Sabrina Cardillo.  \nIntroduction  \nThe emergence of SAT2 and SAT1 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in several Middle Eastern countries during 2023 and 2025 , respectively, represents an unusual and concerning event for the region. These serotypes pose a significant threat to livestock populations with little or no prior exposure, increasing the risk of severe outbreaks outside this region. In this context, the development of relevant SAT1 and SAT2 vaccine strains represents a timely and strategic intervention. This study presents the immunological evaluation SAT1 and SAT2 vaccines, demonstrating their ability to induce a strong and long-lasting immunity and broad cross-neutralizing immune responses. These results support their potential use in systematic vaccination programs and antigen banks for emergency reserves.  \nMaterials and Methods  \nMonovalent vaccines were formulated in Argentina in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), as high-potency, water-in-oil single emulsion containing purified antigens of SAT2 OMN 2015 and SAT1 2020 vaccine strains. Potency of each monovalent SAT1 and SAT2 vaccine was assessed in FMD-seronegative cattle following a single 2 mL dose in controlled trials supervised by SENASA, the WOAH Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Virus Neutralization Tests (VNT) were performed according to the WOAH Terrestrial Manual. Cross-reactivity was evaluated by VNT at Pirbright Institute, the WRLFMD using sera from vaccinated cattle collected at 30 dpv against heterologous SAT1 and SAT2 strains.  \nResults  \nA single dose of each monovalent SAT1 and SAT2 vaccines induced robust homologous neutralizing antibody response (Figure 1) .  \nHeterologous response analysis revealed that the SAT2 vaccine induced strong heterologous responses against viruses from topotypes V, VII, and XIV, detected between 2017 and 2023. Neutralizing antibody titers ranged from 1.92 to 2.82 log ₁₀ for all evaluated strains (Table 1) . Similarly, the SAT1 vaccine generated high neutralizing antibody titers against isolates circulating between 2015 and 2025 , belonging to topotypes I, II, III, and VII, all exceeding the 1.5 log ₁₀ protective threshold (Table 2) .  \nTable 1. Neutralizing antibody titers obtained with post-vaccination sera with monovalent SAT2 OMN 2015 vaccine against representative SAT2 isolates.  \n\n| Topotype | Isolate | VN Titer |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| XIV | SAT2/JOR/26/2023 | 2.47 |\n|  | SAT2/IRQ/5/2023 | 1.95 |\n|  | SAT2/BAR 7/2022 | 2.49 |\n|  | SAT2/ETH 3/2022 | 2.46 |\n|  | SAT2/ETH 1/2023 | 2.48 |\n|  | SAT2/IRQ 9/2023 | 2.63 |\n|  | SAT2/JOR 20/2023 | 2.58 |\n|  | SAT2/TUR 17/2023 | 2.70 |\n| VII | SAT2/ERI/19/2019 | 2.77 |\n|  | SAT2/ETH/11/2018 | 1.92 |\n|  | SAT2/NIG/51/2020 | 2.81 |\n|  | SAT2/SUD/14/2017 | 2.56 |\n|  | SAT2/EGY/1/2018 | 2.65 |\n|  | SAT2/ERI/28/2019 | 2.81 |\n|  | SAT2/ETH/31/2019 | 2.82 |\n| V | SAT2/ALG/4/2023 | 2.52 |\n|  | SAT2/ALG/6/2023 | 2.67 |\n\nFigure 1 . Potency in cattle of monovalent SAT2 OMN 2015 and monovalent SAT1 2020  \nTable 2. Neutralizing antibody titers obtained with Bovine post-vaccinal sera with monovalent SAT1 2020 vaccine against representative SAT1  \n\n| Topotype | Isolate | VN Titer |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| I | SAT1/QTR/5/2023 | 1.74 |\n|  | SAT1/KEN/9/2020 | 2.53 |\n|  | SAT1/IRQ/11/2025 | 1.87 |\n|  | SAT1/BAR/50/2025 | 1.86 |\n| II | SAT1/ZIM/14/2015 | 1.83 |\n| III | SAT1/BOT/5/2015 | 1.68 |\n| VII | SAT1/UGA/14/2023 | 1.53 |\n\nisolates.  \nConclusion  \nFMD vaccines containing SAT1 2020 and SAT2 OMN 2015 strains manufactured in Buenos Aires, Argentina showed strong immunogenicity and broad crossreactivity against recent SAT1 and SAT2 isolates, supporting its strategic ","cbCaiqG0gJNcVi3S","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqG0gJNcVi3S","pdf",456973,"English","# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n## Virus Neutralization Tests and Cross-reactivity\n# Results\n## Homologous responses\n## Heterologous response analysis\n# Conclusion\n# Contact","[{\"question\":\"Why are SAT1 and SAT2 vaccine strains considered a timely intervention?\",\"answer\":\"Emergence of SAT2 and SAT1 FMDV in 2023 and 2025 creates unusual risk for livestock with little or no prior exposure, making strategic vaccine development necessary for outbreak control beyond the region.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the SAT1 and SAT2 monovalent vaccines formulated and tested for potency?\",\"answer\":\"Monovalent vaccines were produced in Argentina under GMP as high-potency water-in-oil single emulsions with purified antigens. Potency was assessed in FMD-seronegative cattle after a single 2 mL dose using controlled trials supervised by SENASA and related reference laboratory testing.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about homologous and heterologous neutralizing immunity?\",\"answer\":\"Each single dose induced robust homologous neutralizing antibody responses. Heterologous analysis showed SAT2 vaccine strength against multiple topotypes and SAT1 vaccine high titers against isolates from several topotypes, with titers exceeding the protective threshold.\"}]","SAT1 and SAT2 FMD Vaccine Strains - Broad Antigenic Coverage Aligned with Current Epidemiological Needs | PDF"]