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Methods: Using TriNetX data covering 106 healthcare organizations and 124 million participants, propensity score matching compared females with SARS-CoV-2 infection versus non-infection groups. Participants were 18–90 years old with no prior HPV-related cancer before 2020 and no HPV vaccination before 2020. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios, with subgroup analyses by age and race.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sars-cov-2-infection-heightens-the-risk-of-developing-hpv-related-carcinoma-in-situ-and-cancer/369767/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sars-cov-2-infection-heightens-the-risk-of-developing-hpv-related-carcinoma-in-situ-and-cancer/369767.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mabel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What was the study objective regarding SARS-CoV-2 and HPV-related disease?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study aimed to investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HPV-related cancer and carcinoma in situ.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were the comparison groups created in the study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The researchers used TriNetX and applied propensity score matching to compare cohorts with SARS-CoV-2 infection versus non-infection, restricting to females aged 18–90 without prior HPV-related cancer before 2020 and without HPV vaccination before 2020.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What key results were reported after follow-up?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Across about three years, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with higher risks of HPV-related cancers and carcinoma in situ, with increased hazards across multiple cancer sites and consistent subgroup findings by age and race.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},369767,1790387692,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},7971474920318,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000ee537e6b0ca360?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1788430171632181674","Shih etal. Discover Oncology (2025) 16:1552 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-03403-4](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-03403-4)  \nDiscover Oncology  \nANALYSIS Open Access  \nSARS-CoV-2 infection heightens the risk of developing HPV-related carcinoma in situ and cancer  \nYu-Hsiang Shih 1,2, Chiao-Yu Yang2,3 and Chia-Chi Lung2,4,5*  \n*Correspondence:  \nChia-Chi Lung [dinoljc@csmu.edu.tw](dinoljc@csmu.edu.tw)[ ](dinoljc@csmu.edu.tw)1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan  \n2Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, Taiwan  \n3Department of Occupational Health Nursing Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan 4Department of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan 5Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan  \nAbstract  \nObjective This study aims to investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HPVrelated cancer and carcinoma in situ.  \nMethod We utilized data from TriNetX, a database encompassing 106 healthcare organizations spanning 15 countries and comprising information from over 124 million participants. Propensity score matching was utilized to compare two cohorts: SARSCoV-2 infection and non-SARS-CoV-2 infection groups. The cohorts consisted of females aged 18–90 with no previous history of HPV-related cancers before SARSCoV-2 infection in 2020 and no HPV vaccine before 2020. We utilized Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) . Subgroup analyses were performed based on age and race to validate the findings.  \nResults The study included a total of 4,872,295 patients, with 1,281,997 in the SARSCoV-2 infection group and 3,590,298 in the non-infection group. After propensity score matching, both groups comprised 1,281,997 patients each. Over a 3-year follow-up period, individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection had significantly higher risks of developing HPV-related cancers compared to those without infection: a 67% increase in cervical cancer, 131% in vaginal cancer, 98% in vulvar cancer, 92% in anal cancer, and 78% in oropharyngeal cancer. Similar trends were observed for carcinoma in situ, with increased risks of 34% for cervical, 61% for vaginal, 74% for vulvar, 96% for anal, and 78% for oropharyngeal carcinoma in situ. Subgroup analyses stratified by age and race demonstrated consistent results.  \nConclusion SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with elevated risks of HPV-related carcinoma in situ and cancer, irrespective of age or race. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the interplay between viral infections and cancer development, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.  \nKeywords COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, HPV, Cancer, Carcinoma in situ, Cervical cancer, Vaginal cancer, Vulva cancer, Anal cancer, Oropharyngeal cancer  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permis","cbCaimYOGur8iDxQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimYOGur8iDxQ","pdf",967387,"English","# Abstract\n## Objective\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What was the study objective regarding SARS-CoV-2 and HPV-related disease?\",\"answer\":\"The study aimed to investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HPV-related cancer and carcinoma in situ.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the comparison groups created in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The researchers used TriNetX and applied propensity score matching to compare cohorts with SARS-CoV-2 infection versus non-infection, restricting to females aged 18–90 without prior HPV-related cancer before 2020 and without HPV vaccination before 2020.\"},{\"question\":\"What key results were reported after follow-up?\",\"answer\":\"Across about three years, SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with higher risks of HPV-related cancers and carcinoma in situ, with increased hazards across multiple cancer sites and consistent subgroup findings by age and race.\"}]","SARS-CoV-2 infection heightens the risk of developing HPV-related carcinoma in situ and cancer | PDF",1790184443,33]