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It further explains self-defence under the UN Charter with necessity and proportionality, and clarifies obligations regarding Security Council action, neutrality, and naval warfare areas and definitions.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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\nSECTION I: SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE LAW  \n1. The parties to an armed conflict at sea are bound by the principles and rules of international humanitarian law from the moment armed force is used.  \n2. In cases not covered by this document or by international agreements, civilians and combatants remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law derived from established custom, from the principles of humanity and from the dictates of the public conscience.  \nSECTION II: ARMED CONFLICTS AND THE LAW OF SELF-DEFENCE  \n3. The exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognized in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations is subject to the conditions and limitations laid down in the Charter, and arising from general international law, including in particular the principles of necessity and proportionality.  \n4. The principles of necessity and proportionality apply equally to armed conflict at sea and require that the conduct of hostilities by a State should not exceed the degree and kind of force, not otherwise prohibited by the law of armed conflict, required to repel an armed attack against it and to restore its security.  \n5. How far a State is justified in its military actions against the enemy will depend upon the intensity and scale of the armed attack for which the enemy is responsible and the gravity of the threat posed.  \n6. The rules set out in this document and any other rules of international humanitarian law shall apply equally to all parties to the conflict. The equal application of these rules to all parties to the conflict shall not be affected by the international responsibility that may have been incurred by any of them for the outbreak of the conflict.  \nSECTION III: ARMED CONFLICTS IN WHICH THE SECURITY COUNCIL HAS TAKEN ACTION  \n7. Notwithstanding any rule in this document or elsewhere on the law of neutrality, where the Security Council, acting in accordance with its powers under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, has identified one or more of the parties to an armed conflict as responsible for resorting to force in violation of international law, neutral States:  \n(a) are bound not to lend assistance other than humanitarian assistance to that State; and  \n(b) may lend assistance to any State which has been the victim of a breach of the peace or an act of aggression by that State.  \n8. Where, in the course of an international armed conflict, the Security Council has taken preventive or enforcement action involving the application of economic measures under Chapter VII of the Charter, Member States of the United Nations may not rely upon the law of neutrality to justify conduct which would be incompatible with their obligations under the Charter or under decisions of the Security Council.  \n9. Subject to paragraph 7, where the Security Council has taken a decision to use force, or to authorize the use of force by a particular State or States, the rules set out in this document and any other rules of international humanitarian law applicable to armed conflicts at sea shall apply to all parties to any such conflict which mayensue.  \nSECTION IV: AREAS OF NAVAL WARFARE  \n10. Subject to other applicable rules of the law of armed conflict at sea contained in this document or elsewhere, hostile actions by naval forces may be conducted in, on or over:  \n(a) the territorial sea and internal waters, the land territories, the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf and, where applicable, the archipelagic waters, of belligerent States;  \n(b) the high seas; and  \n(c) subject to paragraphs 34 and 35, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of neutral States.  \n11. The parties to the conflict are encouraged to agree that no hostile actions will be conducted in marine areas containing:  \n(a) rare or fragile ecosystems","cbCainnzXdLmag21","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainnzXdLmag21","pdf",229154,21,"English","# PART I: GENERAL PROVISIONS\n## SECTION I: SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE LAW\n## SECTION II: ARMED CONFLICTS AND THE LAW OF SELF-DEFENCE\n## SECTION III: ARMED CONFLICTS IN WHICH THE SECURITY COUNCIL HAS TAKEN ACTION\n## SECTION IV: AREAS OF NAVAL WARFARE\n## SECTION V: DEFINITIONS","[{\"question\":\"When are parties bound by the principles and rules for armed conflicts at sea?\",\"answer\":\"The parties are bound from the moment armed force is used in the context of an armed conflict at sea.\"},{\"question\":\"How do necessity and proportionality limit self-defence at sea?\",\"answer\":\"Self-defence must be exercised under conditions and limits in the UN Charter, and necessity and proportionality require that force not exceed the degree and kind of force needed to repel an armed attack and restore security.\"},{\"question\":\"What do neutral States have to do when the Security Council identifies a party as responsible for unlawful use of force?\",\"answer\":\"Neutral States must not lend assistance other than humanitarian assistance to that State, and may lend assistance to States that are victims of breach of the peace or acts of aggression by that State.\"}]","San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea - Part I - General Provisions - Section I - Scope of Application of the Law - 1 | PDF",1792703859,53]