[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-47734-en":3,"doc-seo-47734-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},47734,1099514067438,"River Wang","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542",7,"Healthcare","Salivary Biomarkers","Behavioral medicine research increasingly uses theoretical models that link biological, behavioral, social, and contextual forces to disease risk and individual differences, and saliva provides a practical biospecimen for this work. Oral fluid can reflect multiple physiological systems, chemical exposures, and genetic variability. The review outlines saliva’s composition and glandular sources, clarifies how analytes enter oral fluid (filtration, diffusion, secretion, immune components), and summarizes key advantages, including minimally invasive collection, safety, self-collection feasibility, low cost, and interpretive accuracy.","S  \n\n| Saccharide\u003Cbr>▶ Carbohydrates |\n| --- |\n| Saliva\u003Cbr>▶ Salivary Biomarkers |\n| Salivary Biomarkers\u003Cbr>Douglas A. Granger 1 and Sara B. Johnson2 1Center for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, School of Nursing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and School of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 2School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA\u003Cbr>Synonyms\u003Cbr>Analytes; Biomarkers; Saliva |\n\nAuthor Notes In the interest of full disclosure, DAG is founder and Chief Strategy and Scientific Advisor at Salimetrics LLC (State College, PA). DAG’s relationship with Salimetrics LLC is managed by the policies of the Conflict of Interest Committee at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  \nDefinition  \nBehavioral medicine research is increasingly being influenced by theoretical models that explain individual differences in behavior and disease risk as a function of interrelated biological, behavioral, social, and contextual forces. This multi-level theoretical approach follows technical innovations that have made measuring the activity of many biological systems straightforward, portable, and cost efficient. Saliva, in particular, has received attention asa biospecimen; sample collection is perceived as feasible, cost-efficient, and safe, and salivary assays as reliable and accurate (see Table 1) . A single oral fluid specimen can provide information about a range of physiologic systems, chemical exposures, and genetic variability relevant to basic biological function, health, and disease. The purpose of this review is to provide a road map for investigators interested in integrating this unique biospecimen into the next generation of studies in behavioral medicine.  \nDescription  \nOral fluid as a biospecimen: “Saliva” is a composite of oral fluids secreted from many different glands. The source glands are located in the upper posterior area of the oral cavity (parotid gland area), lower area of the mouth between the cheek and jaw (submandibular gland area), and under the tongue (sublingual gland area) . There are also  \nM.D. Gellman & J.R. Turner (eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine,  \nDOI 10 . 1007/978-1-4419-1005-9, \\# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013  \nSalivary Biomarkers, Table 1 Perceived advantages of oral fluids as a research specimen compared to serum  \n\n| “Minimally invasive” | Considered “acceptable and noninvasive” by research participants and patients |\n| --- | --- |\n|  | Collection is quick, non-painful, uncomplicated |\n| “Safety” | Reduces transmission of infectious disease by eliminating the potential for accidental needle sticks |\n|  | CDC does not consider saliva a class II biohazard unless visibly contaminated with blood |\n| “Self-collection” | Allows for community-and home-based collection |\n|  | Enables specimen collection in special populations |\n| “Economics” | Eliminates the need for a health care intermediary (e.g., phlebotomist, nurse) |\n|  | Resources for collection and processing samples are of low cost and available |\n| “Accuracy” | Salivary levels of many analytes represent the “free unbound fraction” or biological active fraction in the general circulation |\n\nSource: US Department of Health and Human Services (2000)  \nmany minor secretory glands in the lip, cheek, tongue, and palate. A small fraction of oral fluid (i.e. , crevicular fluid) comes from serum leakage, either from the cleft area between teeth and gums, or from mucosal injury or inflammation. In the presence of significant mucosal or epithelial inflammation, however, serum constituents may contribute substantially to oral fluids. Each secretory gland produces a fluid that differs in volume, composition, and constituents. Oral fluid is water-like in composition and has a pH (acidity) between 6 and 9; it has minimal buffering capacity, so substances placed in the mouth can change salivary acidity very quickly.  \nAn understanding of h","cbCaifSYYD6pmq5z","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifSYYD6pmq5z","pdf",2650872,2,1,256,"English","en",105,"# Definition and Purpose\n## Behavioral medicine context\n# Description of Oral Fluid as a Biospecimen\n## Gland sources and composition\n## Contribution of crevicular fluid and inflammation\n# Advantages for Research Specimens\n## Minimally invasive, safety, self-collection, economics, accuracy\n# Pathways of Analyte Entry into Saliva\n## Filtration and diffusion from serum\n## Local secretion and immune-related components\n# Factors Influencing Salivary Analyte Levels\n## Flow rate effects and calculation of output\n# Sample Collection","[{\"question\":\"Why is saliva considered useful in behavioral medicine research?\",\"answer\":\"Saliva supports behavioral medicine studies by enabling measurement of multiple biological systems, exposures, and genetic variability in a feasible, safe, and cost-efficient way for next-generation research.\"},{\"question\":\"What glands contribute to saliva in oral fluid specimens?\",\"answer\":\"Oral fluid is formed from secretions of multiple glands, including parotid (upper posterior), submandibular (between cheek and jaw), and sublingual glands (under the tongue), plus minor glands in the lips, cheek, tongue, and palate.\"},{\"question\":\"How can flow rate affect the interpretation of salivary analytes?\",\"answer\":\"Salivary secretion rate can change locally produced analytes and those migrating from blood; for flow-influenced analytes, concentration or activity must be multiplied by flow rate to report output as a function of time.\"}]",1783565624,645,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"salivary-biomarkers","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/salivary-biomarkers/47734/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19","2026-07-09",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is saliva considered useful in behavioral medicine research?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Saliva supports behavioral medicine studies by enabling measurement of multiple biological systems, exposures, and genetic variability in a feasible, safe, and cost-efficient way for next-generation research.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What glands contribute to saliva in oral fluid specimens?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Oral fluid is formed from secretions of multiple glands, including parotid (upper posterior), submandibular (between cheek and jaw), and sublingual glands (under the tongue), plus minor glands in the lips, cheek, tongue, and palate.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How can flow rate affect the interpretation of salivary analytes?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Salivary secretion rate can change locally produced analytes and those migrating from blood; 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