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This comprehensive review evaluates salivaomics as a non-invasive biomarker strategy, summarizing evidence for salivary omics biomarkers in squamous cell oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders. It synthesizes literature from major databases using PRISMA 2020 scoping review guidance, highlighting diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic potential and possible treatment modification.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/salivaomic-biomarkersan-innovative-approach-to-the-diagnosis-treatment-and-prognosis-of-oral-cancer/371693/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/salivaomic-biomarkersan-innovative-approach-to-the-diagnosis-treatment-and-prognosis-of-oral-cancer/371693.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is salivaomics considered promising for oral cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Salivaomics enables non-invasive detection by analyzing gene, protein, cell, and microbiomic signals, supporting early recognition of metaplasia and neoplastic changes. The review positions it as an efficient, patient-friendly alternative to invasive diagnostic approaches.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What diagnostic and treatment roles can salivary omics biomarkers play?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review summarizes how salivary omics biomarkers may serve as effective indicators for diagnosing oral cancer and potentially modifying treatment strategies in patients with OSCC. It also highlights their diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic potential.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the main challenges in oral cancer outcomes discussed in the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Oral cancer outcomes remain unsatisfactory because most cases are diagnosed late and tumors often show resistance to treatment. The review links these factors to lower overall survival despite advances in surgical and therapeutic approaches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},371693,1790826462,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Review  \nSalivaomic Biomarkers—An Innovative Approach to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Oral Cancer  \nKatarzyna Starska-Kowarska 1,2  \nAcademic Editors: Ilda Patrícia Ribeiro, Isabel  \nMarques Carreira and Alberto Orfao  \nReceived: 30 May 2025  \nRevised: 4 July 2025  \nAccepted: 7 July 2025  \nPublished: 13 July 2025  \nCitation: Starska-Kowarska, K. Salivaomic Biomarkers—An Innovative Approach to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Oral Cancer. Biology 2025, 14, 852 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)biology14070852  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Z˙ eligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; [katarzyna.starska@umed.lodz.pl](katarzyna.starska@umed.lodz.pl); Tel.: +48-42-2725237  \n2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EnelMed Center, Drewnowska 58, 91-001 Lodz, Poland  \nSimple Summary  \nSalivaomic marker analysis is a revolutionary approach for detecting and planning treatment for oral cancer (OC) . Salivaomics assessment, at the gene, protein, and cell levels, is becoming an increasingly common alternative to traditional diagnostic and prognostic methods, representing a non-invasive, efficient, and patient-friendly technique for the recognition of metaplasia and neoplastic changes. It provides a perspective on the carcinogenesis and invasiveness of OC based on genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and microbiomic analyses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the use of salivaomics as a revolutionary method for the early detection of OC and possible treatment modification.  \nAbstract  \n(1) Background: Oral cancer (OC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed human cancersand remains a challenge for biologists and clinicians. More than 90% of OC cases aresquamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) . Despite the use of modern diagnostic and prognostic methods, the 5-year survival rate remains unsatisfactory due to the late diagnosis of the neoplastic process and its resistance to treatment. This comprehensive review aims to present the latest literature data on the use and effectiveness of saliva as a non-invasive biomarker in patients with oral cancer. (2) Methods: The article reviews the current literature on the use of salivary omics biomarkers as an effective method in diagnosing and modifying treatment in patients with OSCC; the research corpus was acquired from the PubMed/Google/Scopus/Cochrane Library/Web of Science databases in accordance with the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. (3) Results: The identification of salivary omics biomarkers involved in carcinogenesis and neoplastic transformation may be a potential alternative to traditional invasive diagnostic methods. Saliva, being both an abundant reservoir of organic and inorganic components derived from epithelial cells as well as a cell-free environment, is becoming an interesting diagnostic material for studies in the field of proteomics, genomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics. (4) Conclusions: Saliva-based analysis is a modern and promising method for the early diagnosis and improvement of treatment outcomesin patients with OSCC and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), with high diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic potential.  \nKeywords: non-invasive diagnosis; omics biomarkers; oral cancer (OC); oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs); saliva; salivaomics; squamous cell oral carcinoma (OSCC)  \n1. Introduction  \nOral cancer (OC) comprises a group of maligna","cbCaitX29pKiCAlc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitX29pKiCAlc","pdf",2451614,55,"English","# Simple Summary\n# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n## Epidemiology and clinical burden of oral cancer\n# 2. Background\n# 3. Methods\n# 4. Results\n# 5. Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"Why is salivaomics considered promising for oral cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Salivaomics enables non-invasive detection by analyzing gene, protein, cell, and microbiomic signals, supporting early recognition of metaplasia and neoplastic changes. The review positions it as an efficient, patient-friendly alternative to invasive diagnostic approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic and treatment roles can salivary omics biomarkers play?\",\"answer\":\"The review summarizes how salivary omics biomarkers may serve as effective indicators for diagnosing oral cancer and potentially modifying treatment strategies in patients with OSCC. It also highlights their diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic potential.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main challenges in oral cancer outcomes discussed in the review?\",\"answer\":\"Oral cancer outcomes remain unsatisfactory because most cases are diagnosed late and tumors often show resistance to treatment. The review links these factors to lower overall survival despite advances in surgical and therapeutic approaches.\"}]","Salivaomic Biomarkers—An Innovative Approach to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Oral Cancer | PDF",1790192635,139]