[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-468303-105":59,"doc-detail-468303-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","sacrificial-biofabrication-for-vascularization-concept-materials-technologies-and-applications","Sacrificial Biofabrication for Vascularization - Concept, Materials, Technologies, and Applications","","Vasculature is essential in tissue engineering to maintain viability through efficient nutrient/oxygen exchange and waste removal, making biomimetic vascular networks critical for functional tissue constructs. This review introduces and defines sacrificial biofabrication as a strategy that uses temporary templates removed after processing to generate well-defined vascular channels. It summarizes sacrificial material categories driven by external stimuli, outlines surrounding-material classification and design principles, and reviews fabrication technologies and applications in disease models and regenerative medicine, concluding with challenges and future perspectives.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/sacrificial-biofabrication-for-vascularization-concept-materials-technologies-and-applications/468303/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/sacrificial-biofabrication-for-vascularization-concept-materials-technologies-and-applications/468303.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"River Wang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is vascularization crucial for tissue engineering and thick tissue constructs?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Vascularization ensures efficient oxygen and nutrient delivery while removing metabolic wastes. Without internal vascular networks, engineered thick tissues can experience central necrosis over time.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is sacrificial biofabrication used for in vascularization?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It engineers vascular structures by creating temporary templates that are later removed, leaving behind well-defined vascular channels.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does endothelial pre-seeding support vascularization?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Endothelial cells are seeded onto porous scaffolds before implantation to form primitive capillary-like networks. After implantation, host vasculature infiltrates the scaffold and anastomoses with the pre-formed networks to generate functional, perfusable vasculature.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},468303,1790970096,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","REVIEW   \n[www.advmat.de](www.advmat.de)  \nSacrificial Biofabrication for Vascularization: Concept, Materials, Technologies, and Applications  \nJiezhong Shi,* Chunyao Wang, Xuan Mei, Ben Zhang, Junxi Wu, Rylie A. Green, Yu Shrike Zhang,* and Wenmiao Shu*  \nVasculature plays a crucial role in tissue engineering since it is essential for maintaining tissue viability by efficient nutrient and oxygen exchange as well as waste removal. The creation of biomimetic vascular networks is therefore critical for the development of functional tissue constructs. Sacrificial biofabrication has emerged as an effective method for engineering vascular structures by creating temporary templates that are subsequently removed to form well-defined vascular channels. In this review, the concept of sacrificial biofabrication is introduced and defined, with a focus on vascularization. Then, a comprehensive overview of the commonly used sacrificial materials based on different types of external stimuli is provided, and the classification and design principles of surrounding materials are briefly introduced. Additionally, various fabrication technologies employed to process sacrificial materials are summarized, and the diverse applications of sacrificial biofabrication in disease models and regenerative medicine are discussed. Finally, the current challenges are highlighted, and the future perspectives for advancing sacrificial biofabrication are explored to address the demand for vasculature manufacturing.  \nspecialized. [3,4] Most arteries and veins are composed of three distinct layers: the tunica intima, a smooth endothelial lining that minimizes friction and ensures efficient blood flow; the tunica media, a muscular layer responsible for regulating vascular tone and diameter; and the tunica externa, a connective tissue layer providing mechanical support and elasticity.[5] However, in the case of capillaries, they consist only of a single layer of endothelial cells supported by a basement membrane, specifically adapted to facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues. [4]  \nThe construction of blood vessels is crucial in tissue engineering and organ regeneration, especially for engineered thick tissues,[6,7] where the absence of internal vascular networks can lead to insufficient oxygen and nutrient delivery,[8] resulting in central necrosis over prolonged periods. [7,9] A functional vascular system not only sustains the survival and growth of cells but also supports the integration of  \n1. Introduction  \nBlood vessels are integral components of the circulatory system, forming an extensive network that facilitates the transport of blood throughout the body.[1] Blood vessels are hierarchical networks from the inferior vena cava (15–25 mm) to small capillaries (1–10 μm), which are vital for supplying oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing metabolic wastes, ensuring the functionality of 3D tissues. [2] The structure of blood vessels is highly  \nengineered tissues with host systems upon transplantation. [10] Due to the structural complexity, the replication of a perfusable and hierarchical vascular system in vitro still remains a critical challenge. [11] One strategy is using decellularised organs asa scaffolding system. [12] While these scaffolds retain native vascular structures, their formation requires complex procedures, and the organ shape is uncontrollable. Meanwhile, decellularized organs rely on donor sources, which do not necessarily address the shortage of human organs. [13] More importantly, the  \nJ. Shi, C. Wang, B. Zhang  \nSINOPEC Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Medical and Hygienic Materials  \nSINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Beijing 100013, P. R. China  \nE-mail: [shijzh.bjhy@sinopec.com](shijzh.bjhy@sinopec.com)  \nThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under [https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202507747](https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20250","cbCail6TiOxSiqh1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail6TiOxSiqh1","pdf",3717437,32,"English","# Introduction\n## Vasculature in tissue engineering\n## Tissue-engineered thick constructs and the vascularization challenge\n# Sacrificial biofabrication overview\n## Concept and definition for vascular channels\n## Sacrificial materials and external-stimuli categories\n## Surrounding-material design principles\n# Fabrication technologies\n## Processing sacrificial materials\n# Applications\n## Disease models\n## Regenerative medicine\n# Challenges and future perspectives","[{\"question\":\"Why is vascularization crucial for tissue engineering and thick tissue constructs?\",\"answer\":\"Vascularization ensures efficient oxygen and nutrient delivery while removing metabolic wastes. Without internal vascular networks, engineered thick tissues can experience central necrosis over time.\"},{\"question\":\"What is sacrificial biofabrication used for in vascularization?\",\"answer\":\"It engineers vascular structures by creating temporary templates that are later removed, leaving behind well-defined vascular channels.\"},{\"question\":\"How does endothelial pre-seeding support vascularization?\",\"answer\":\"Endothelial cells are seeded onto porous scaffolds before implantation to form primitive capillary-like networks. After implantation, host vasculature infiltrates the scaffold and anastomoses with the pre-formed networks to generate functional, perfusable vasculature.\"}]","Sacrificial Biofabrication for Vascularization - Concept, Materials, Technologies, and Applications | PDF",1790774016,81]