[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-431511-105":59,"doc-detail-431511-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","rules-for-radicals-of-means-and-ends","RULES FOR RADICALS - Of Means and Ends","","The excerpt argues that effective action depends on moral legitimacy and that movements often begin with constrained tactics when direct political pressure is blocked. It analyzes passive resistance as a pragmatic, defensively useful strategy that can prevent violent repression, while warning that scale and threat may generate violence. It further sets out ethical guidance on stating goals in general terms and explains how pursuing means can unexpectedly produce new ends, citing history and examples from civil rights and scientific discovery.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/rules-for-radicals-of-means-and-ends/431511/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/rules-for-radicals-of-means-and-ends/431511.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the excerpt claim that effective actions require moral legitimacy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It states that all effective actions need the “passport of morality,” including when circumstances push actors toward constrained or nontraditional methods.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What conditions does the text associate with passive resistance and nonviolence?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It frames passive resistance as a tactic chosen under legal and political blockage, arguing it also limits opportunities for forcible repression—though it warns that mass resistance can give birth to violence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the excerpt explain the relationship between means and ends?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It argues that ends must be phrased generally, and that pursuing specific means can lead to whole new and unexpected ends, as shown by historical and scientific examples.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},431511,1792228247,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","RULES FOR RADICALS  \nof mankind,\"“a law higher than man-made law,\"and soon.This even held under circumstances of national criseswhen it was universally assumed that the end justifiedany means.All effective actions require the passport ofmorality.  \nThe examples are everywhere.In the United Statesthe rise of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s wasmarked by the use of passive resistance in the South againstsegregation.Violence in the South would have been sui-cidal;political pressure was then impossible;the only re-course was economic pressure with a few fringe activities.Legally blocked by state laws,hostile police and courts,they were compelled like all Have-Nots from time im-memorial to appeal to “a law higher than man-made law.”In his Social Contract,Rousseau noted the obvious,that“Law is a very good thing for men with property and a verybad thing for men without property.”Passive resistance re-mained one of the few means available to anti-segrega-tionist forces until they had secured the voting franchisein fact.Furthermore,passive resistance was also a gooddefensive tactic since it curtailed the opportunities for useof the power resources of the status quo for forcible re-pression.Passive resistance was chosen for the same prag-matic reason that all tactics are selected.But it assumesthe necessary moral and religious adornments.  \nHowever,when passive resistance becomes massiveand threatening it gives birth to violence.Southern Ne-groes have no tradition of Dharma,and are close enoughto their Northern compatriots sothat contrasting conditionsbetween the North and the South are a visible as well as aconstant spur.Add to this the fact that the Southern poorwhites do not operate by British tradition but reflect gen-erations of violence;the future does not argue for making  \nOf Means and Ends  \na special religion of nonviolence.It will be rememberedfor what it was,the best tactic for its time and place.  \nAs more effective means become available,the Negrocivil rights movement will divest itself of these decorationsand substitute a new moral philosophy in keeping with itsnew means and opportunities.The explanation will be,asit always has been,\"Times have changed.\"This is hap-pening today.  \nThe eleventh rule of the ethics of means and ends isthat goals must be phrased in general terms like “Liberty,Equality,Fraternity,”“Of the Common Welfare,\"“Pursuitof Happiness,\"or“Bread and Peace.\"Whitman put it:\"The goal once named cannot be countermanded.\"It hasbeen previously noted that the wise man of action knowsthat frequently in the stream of action of means towardsends,whole new and unexpected ends are among themajor results of the action.From a Civil War fought as ameans to preserve the Union came the end of slavery.  \nIn this connection,it must be remembered that his-tory is made up of actions in which one end results in otherends.Repeatedly,scientific discoveries have resulted fromexperimental research committed to ends or objectives thathave little relationship with the discoveries.Work on aseemingly minor practical program has resulted in feed-backs of major creative basic ideas.J.C.Flugel notes,inMan,Morals and Society,that“...In psychology,too,wehave no right to be astonished if,while dealing with ameans(e.g.,the cure of a neurotic symptom,the discoveryof more efficient ways of learning,or the relief of industrialfatigue)we find that we have modified our attitude towardthe end(acquired some new insight into the nature ofmental health,the role of education,or the place of workn human life).”  \nRULES FOR RADICALS  \nof mankind,\"“a law higher than man-made law,\"and soon.This even held under circumstances of national criseswhen it was universally assumed that the end justifiedany means.All effective actions require the passport ofmorality.  \nThe examples are everywhere.In the United Statesthe rise of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s wasmarked by the use of passive resistance in the South againstsegregation.Violenc","cbCaiejGuho1Ry40","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiejGuho1Ry40","pdf",2066770,46,"English","# Of Means and Ends","[{\"question\":\"Why does the excerpt claim that effective actions require moral legitimacy?\",\"answer\":\"It states that all effective actions need the “passport of morality,” including when circumstances push actors toward constrained or nontraditional methods.\"},{\"question\":\"What conditions does the text associate with passive resistance and nonviolence?\",\"answer\":\"It frames passive resistance as a tactic chosen under legal and political blockage, arguing it also limits opportunities for forcible repression—though it warns that mass resistance can give birth to violence.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the excerpt explain the relationship between means and ends?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that ends must be phrased generally, and that pursuing specific means can lead to whole new and unexpected ends, as shown by historical and scientific examples.\"}]","RULES FOR RADICALS - Of Means and Ends | PDF",1790655744,71]