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Provides practical, best-practice methodology for warehouse design, including dead loads, deflection criteria, seismic and wind parameters, and detailed approaches to vertical load, seismic diaphragm, and wind diaphragm design. Covers diaphragm chords, roof penetrations, skylights and smoke hatches, wall anchorage and ties, Factory Mutual considerations, and guidance for very large warehouse structures.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/roof-structure-design-guide-2021/663045/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/roof-structure-design-guide-2021/663045.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ben ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What roof systems does this guide focus on for large flat roofs?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It focuses on steel roof deck and open web steel joist systems, highlighting their use for large flat-roof structures in the United States.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which design topics are covered for structural loading cases?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It covers dead loads, deflection criteria, seismic and wind parameters, along with vertical load design for steel decks and joists.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Does the guide address seismic and wind diaphragm behavior and connections?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Yes. It includes seismic diaphragm design (including shear loads and chord considerations) and wind diaphragm design, plus wall anchorage, ties, and sub-diaphragms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},663045,1793224788,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},2336478951081,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Roof  \nStructure  \nDesign Guide  \nPatrick A. Bodwell  \nRoof Structure Design Guide  \nPatrick A. Bodwell  \nVerco Decking, Inc.  \nCopyright 2021© by Verco Decking, Inc. All rights reserved Published by Verco Decking, Inc. Phoenix, Arizona.  \nNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photography, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1978 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the publisher should be directed to Verco Decking Inc. , 4340 N 42nd Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85019, or [through vercodeck.com](through vercodeck.com).  \nAcknowledgments  \nThis design example is the culmination of more than a decade of effort to document a set of best practices based on conversations with steel fabricators, erectors, contractors, and engineers. Many great professionals have contributed suggestions to create the most economical solutions to solve critical design questions.  \nThis could not have been accomplished without the input from two talented engineers, Rao Nunna, S.E. with S. B. Barnes Associates, and John Whiteman, S. E. with Vulcraft, who provided review of the drafts that led to this product. John went on to offer his experience from 17 years of practice at a structural engineering firm specializing in warehouse design to create the plans, notes, schedules, and details in the Appendix. Many of my Vulcraft and Verco teammates spent tedious hours checking the math and helping with countless editorial improvements to my writing. I do not have adequate words to express the gratitude to all of those who put so many hours in to help me get this to the finish line.  \nDisclaimer  \nDesign defects that could cause injury or death may result from relying on the information in this document without independent verification by a qualified professional. The information in this document is provided “AS IS”. Nucor Corporation and its affiliates expressly disclaim: (i) any and all representations, warranties and conditions and (ii) all liability arising out of or related to this document and the information in it.  \nNUCOR, VULCRAFT, VERCO, and FORMLOK are registered trademarks of Nucor. QuickFrames is a trademark of QuickFrames USA. Chicago Clamp is a registered trademark of Chicago Clamp Company.  \nV2021  \nTable of Contents  \n1.0 Introduction 1  \n1.1. Design Example 1  \n1.2. Cold-Formed Steel Deck Calculations 1  \n1.3. Codes and Reference Documents 1  \n2.0 Warehouse Building 3  \n2.1. Dead Loads 4  \n2.2. Deflection Criteria 5  \n2.3. Seismic and Wind Parameters 6  \n3.0 Building Size Limitations 7  \n3.1. Area and Height Limits for Fire and Life Safety 7  \n3.2. Height Limits for Structural Seismic Design 8  \n4.0 Steel Deck Vertical Load Design 9  \n4.1. Steel Deck Out-Of-Plane Design 9  \n4.2. Open Web Steel Joist (OWSJ) Vertical Load Design 30  \n4.3. Open Web Steel Joist Girder Vertical Load Design 39  \n5.0 Seismic Diaphragm Design 49  \n5.1. Seismic Force Development 49  \n5.2. Diaphragm Force Coefficient 51  \n5.3. Roof Diaphragm Shear Load 53  \n5.4. Skylight or Smoke Hatch Considerations 55  \n5.5. Steel Deck Diaphragm Shear Design 56  \n5.6. Diaphragm Chords 70  \n5.7. North-South Diaphragm Deflection and P-Delta Effects 72  \n5.8. East-West Diaphragm Deflection 79  \n6.0 Seismic Wall Anchorage, Ties, and Sub-Diaphragms 81  \n6.1. Wall Anchorage Force 81  \n6.2. Steel Roof Deck Wall Anchorage Design and Continuous Ties 82  \n6.3. Open Web Steel Joist Wall Anchorage Design and Continuous Ties 97  \n7.0 Wind Diaphragm Design 101  \n7.1. Main Wind Force Resisting System Loads 101  \n7.2. Load Combinations 104  \n7.3. Diaphragm Shear Wind Loading 105  \n7.4. Skylight and Smoke Hatch Considerations 110  \n7.5. Wind Diaphragm Design 110  \n7.6. Wind Diaphragm Chord Design 115  \n7.7. Wind Diaphragm Deflection 116  \n8.0 Wind Wall Anchorage and Ties 119  \n8.1. Wind Loads on Wall","cbCaipiTqGNIuubt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipiTqGNIuubt","pdf",9503667,199,"English","# 1.0 Introduction\n## 1.1 Design Example\n## 1.2 Cold-Formed Steel Deck Calculations\n## 1.3 Codes and Reference Documents\n# 2.0 Warehouse Building\n## 2.1 Dead Loads\n## 2.2 Deflection Criteria\n## 2.3 Seismic and Wind Parameters\n# 3.0 Building Size Limitations\n## 3.1 Area and Height Limits for Fire and Life Safety\n## 3.2 Height Limits for Structural Seismic Design\n# 4.0 Steel Deck Vertical Load Design\n## 4.1 Steel Deck Out-Of-Plane Design\n## 4.2 Open Web Steel Joist (OWSJ) Vertical Load Design\n## 4.3 Open Web Steel Joist Girder Vertical Load Design\n# 5.0 Seismic Diaphragm Design\n## 5.1 Seismic Force Development\n## 5.2 Diaphragm Force Coefficient\n## 5.3 Roof Diaphragm Shear Load\n# 6.0 Seismic Wall Anchorage, Ties, and Sub-Diaphragms\n## 6.1 Wall Anchorage Force\n## 6.2 Steel Roof Deck Wall Anchorage Design and Continuous Ties\n## 6.3 Open Web Steel Joist Wall Anchorage Design and Continuous Ties\n# 7.0 Wind Diaphragm Design\n## 7.1 Main Wind Force Resisting System Loads\n## 7.2 Load Combinations\n## 7.3 Diaphragm Shear Wind Loading\n# 8.0 Wind Wall Anchorage and Ties\n## 8.1 Wind Loads on Walls\n## 8.2 Loads Combinations\n## 8.3 Wall Bracing with Steel Roof Deck\n# 9.0 Factory Mutual\n## 9.1 Factory Mutual Data Sheets\n## 9.2 Fire Rating\n## 9.3 Steel Roof Deck Approval\n# 10.0 Very Large Warehouse Structures\n## 10.1 Thermal Expansion\n## 10.2 Large Single Diaphragm Design\n## 10.3 High Shear Large Diaphragms with Interior Brace Frames\n# 11.0 Skylights, Smoke Hatches, Roof Top Mechanical Units, and Misc. Roof Penetrations\n## 11.1 Skylights and Smoke Hatches\n## 11.2 Roof Top Mechanical Units Support Frames\n## 11.3 Roof Top Mechanical Unit Design Example\n# Appendix\n## Plans and Details","[{\"question\":\"What roof systems does this guide focus on for large flat roofs?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on steel roof deck and open web steel joist systems, highlighting their use for large flat-roof structures in the United States.\"},{\"question\":\"Which design topics are covered for structural loading cases?\",\"answer\":\"It covers dead loads, deflection criteria, seismic and wind parameters, along with vertical load design for steel decks and joists.\"},{\"question\":\"Does the guide address seismic and wind diaphragm behavior and connections?\",\"answer\":\"Yes. It includes seismic diaphragm design (including shear loads and chord considerations) and wind diaphragm design, plus wall anchorage, ties, and sub-diaphragms.\"}]","Roof Structure Design Guide - 2021 | PDF",501]