[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-372818-105":59,"doc-detail-372818-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","roles-of-interleukins-in-spasmolytic-polypeptide-expressing-metaplasia-review","Roles of interleukins in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia - Review","","Gastric cancer represents a major global health burden, with rising projected incidence and mortality by 2040. Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is a key gastric precancerous lesion that remodels the gastric mucosa after injury through a lineage of mucus-secreting cells. Interleukins act as communication signals for immune and non-immune components, orchestrating networks that drive SPEM formation and its progression toward gastric cancer. This review summarizes IL mechanisms by family, evaluates IL behavior after Helicobacter pylori infection, and discusses SPEM experimental models and IL-based therapeutic strategies, including translation limits and future directions for early detection and targeted therapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/roles-of-interleukins-in-spasmolytic-polypeptide-expressing-metaplasia-review/372818/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/roles-of-interleukins-in-spasmolytic-polypeptide-expressing-metaplasia-review/372818.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"RuangKosong","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) and why is it important in gastric cancer development?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"SPEM is a regenerative gastric precancerous lesion characterized by mucus-secreting cell lineages and specific markers such as TFF2 and MUC. It can precede intestinal metaplasia and is linked to carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do interleukins (ILs) contribute to SPEM formation and progression?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Interleukins function as secreted regulators that influence signaling pathways across immune and non-immune cell types. Their regulatory network supports SPEM development and contributes to transformation from SPEM toward gastric cancer.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What role does Helicobacter pylori infection play in IL dynamics and SPEM?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review explores the molecular association between changes in IL signaling and SPEM following Helicobacter pylori infection, emphasizing how infection-related inflammation relates to SPEM behavior.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},372818,1790240565,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090883219,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 68: 17, 2026  \nRoles of interleukins in spasmolytic polypeptide‑expressing metaplasia (Review)  \nJIALE MA 1* , TIANCHENG ZHAN2* , XINYUAN ZHANG 1 , WANG GAO 1 , SHUANGMEI ZHAO 1 and HUIZHEN LI 1  \n1Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, P.R China; 2Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China  \nReceived July 14, 2025; Accepted November 10, 2025  \nDOI: 10.3892/ijo.2025.5830  \nAbstract. Gastric cancer (GC) is a major global health burden, ranking fifth in incidence and third in cancer‑related mortality. By 2040, there are expected to be ~1.8 million new cases and 1.3 million fatalities associated with GC. Spasmolytic polypeptide‑expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is a central component of gastric precancerous lesions, which remodels the gastric mucosa in response to injury through a lineage of mucus‑secreting cells. Interleukins (ILs) are the communica‑ tion means for innate and adaptive immune cells as well as non‑immune cells and tissues. Their complex network regula‑ tion contributes to the development ofSPEM and is a key driver in the transformation of SPEM to GC. The present review systematically described the IL‑related mechanisms under‑ lying the formation and progression of SPEM and categorizes the roles of different ILs by family. In addition, the molecular association between IL dynamics and SPEM following Helicobacter pylori infection is explored, and various SPEM experimental model characteristics and IL‑based therapeutic strategy advances and limitations are discussed. The clinical translation of IL‑targeted therapies is limited, but the devel‑ opment of therapies that target pathogenesis specifically and the enhancement of IL therapy combinations with other therapeutic options may improve efficacy and reduce side effects. Increased understanding of the causes of SPEM and the mechanisms underlying GC may open up new avenues for early detection and targeted therapy.  \nCorrespondence to: Professor Shuangmei Zhao or Professor Huizhen Li, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 69 Zengchan Road, Tianjin 300250, P.R. China  \nE‑mail: [aiwangzi312@163.com](aiwangzi312@163.com)  \nE‑mail: [ctjenny@126.com](ctjenny@126.com)  \n*Contributed equally  \nKey words: spasmolytic polypeptide‑expressing metaplasia, inter‑ leukins, gastric cancer  \nContents  \n1. Introduction  \n2. Overview of SPEM  \n3. IL family and SPEM‑associated IL signaling  \n4. ILs and H. pylori infection SPEM  \n5. SPEM models for IL research  \n6. Therapeutic implications and future prospects  \n7. Conclusion  \n1. Introduction  \nGastric cancer (GC) continues to have a high global burden, ranking third in terms of cancer‑related mortality and fifth in terms of incidence (1,2) . Annually, ~660,000 individuals die from GC, despite improvements in early detection and treatment methods (3); by 2040, it is estimated to increase to ~1.8 million new cases and 1.3 million fatalities (4). GC follows a multistage progression pattern driven by chronic inflammation, including atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia and invasive carcinoma, termed the ‘Correa pathway’ proposed by Correa et al (5) in 1975. Current research is improving the understanding of the molec‑ ular mechanisms underlying the progression of precancerous lesions through inflammation‑mediated epigenetic changes, such as microbiota dysbiosis, while therapeutic studies are investigating novel approaches to target particular pathways, such as glycosylation, in order to prevent metastasis (6,7) . When a terminally differentiated cell type that is not typically found at a specific anatomical location replaces pre‑existing terminally differentiated cells, this is termed metaplasia (8) . Inmost cases, the metaplasia lineage is characterize","cbCaisf9itjqph8K","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisf9itjqph8K","pdf",2350056,23,"English","# Contents\n## Introduction\n## Overview of SPEM\n## IL family and SPEM-associated IL signaling\n## ILs and H. pylori infection SPEM\n## SPEM models for IL research\n## Therapeutic implications and future prospects\n## Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What is spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) and why is it important in gastric cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"SPEM is a regenerative gastric precancerous lesion characterized by mucus-secreting cell lineages and specific markers such as TFF2 and MUC. It can precede intestinal metaplasia and is linked to carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"How do interleukins (ILs) contribute to SPEM formation and progression?\",\"answer\":\"Interleukins function as secreted regulators that influence signaling pathways across immune and non-immune cell types. Their regulatory network supports SPEM development and contributes to transformation from SPEM toward gastric cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does Helicobacter pylori infection play in IL dynamics and SPEM?\",\"answer\":\"The review explores the molecular association between changes in IL signaling and SPEM following Helicobacter pylori infection, emphasizing how infection-related inflammation relates to SPEM behavior.\"}]","Roles of interleukins in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia - Review | PDF",1790195469,58]