[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-377329-105":59,"doc-detail-377329-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","role-of-the-microbiota-in-skin-neoplasms-new-therapeutic-horizons","Role of the Microbiota in Skin Neoplasms - New Therapeutic Horizons","","The skin and gut host diverse microorganisms that shape immune balance through metabolites, influencing tolerance and inflammation. Altered skin microbiota composition and diversity associate with cutaneous diseases, including skin cancer, while human microbiota functions in skin carcinogenesis remain actively investigated. Evidence links HPV-driven mechanisms to squamous cell carcinoma, dysbiosis involving Staphylococcus species with progression from actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma, and microbiota differences in melanoma that relate to prognosis and to immune checkpoint inhibitor effectiveness and tolerability. Modulating microbiota may support therapies for advanced skin cancers despite open issues.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/role-of-the-microbiota-in-skin-neoplasms-new-therapeutic-horizons/377329/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/role-of-the-microbiota-in-skin-neoplasms-new-therapeutic-horizons/377329.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aran","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How do skin and gut microorganisms interact with the immune system?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They produce metabolites that influence the balance between immune tolerance and inflammatory states. Microorganisms also interact through gut–skin signaling pathways that affect immune responses.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which mechanisms connect microbiota changes to skin cancer development?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Microbiota can influence skin carcinogenesis via direct effects on cell proliferation and death, and indirect effects through host immunity and metabolism. Different microbial patterns are linked to disease progression stages.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What is the potential therapeutic value of targeting microbiota in advanced skin cancers?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Acting on microbiota is proposed as a possible therapeutic option, especially for advanced cases. However, several limitations and unanswered issues remain.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},377329,1790408691,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},137455076865,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","microorganisms  \nReview  \nRole of the Microbiota in Skin Neoplasms: New Therapeutic Horizons  \nPaola Savoia *, Barbara Azzimonti , Roberta Rolla  and Elisa Zavattaro   \nCitation: Savoia, P.; Azzimonti, B.; Rolla, R.; Zavattaro, E. Role of the Microbiota in Skin Neoplasms: New Therapeutic Horizons.  \nMicroorganisms 2023, 11, 2386 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)microorganisms11102386  \nAcademic Editors: Djamel Drider and Françoise Coucheney  \nReceived: 28 July 2023  \nRevised: 18 September 2023  \nAccepted: 21 September 2023  \nPublished: 25 September 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nDepartment of Health Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy;  \n[barbara.azzimonti@med.uniupo.it](barbara.azzimonti@med.uniupo.it) (B.A.); [roberta.rolla@med.uniupo.it](roberta.rolla@med.uniupo.it) (R.R.); [elisa.zavattaro@med.uniupo.it](elisa.zavattaro@med.uniupo.it) (E.Z.)  \n* [Correspondence: paola.savoia@med.uniupo.it](Correspondence: paola.savoia@med.uniupo.it); Tel.: +39-0321-37333387  \nAbstract: The skin and the gut are regularly colonized by a variety of microorganisms capable of interacting with the immune system through their metabolites and influencing the balance between immune tolerance and inflammation. Alterations in the composition and diversity of the skin microbiota have been described in various cutaneous diseases, including skin cancer, and the actual function of the human microbiota in skin carcinogenesis, such as in progression and metastasis, is currently an active area of research. The role of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in the pathogenesis ofsquamous cell carcinoma is well consolidated, especially in chronically immunosuppressed patients. Furthermore, an imbalance between Staphylococcus spp., such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and aureus, has been found to be strongly related to the progression from actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma and differently associated with various stages of the diseases in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients. Also, in melanoma patients, differences in microbiota have been related to dissimilar disease course and prognosis and may affect the effectiveness and tolerability of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which currently represent one of the best chances of a cure. From this point of view, acting on microbiota can be considered a possible therapeutic option for patients with advanced skin cancers, even if several issues are still open.  \nKeywords: microbiota; gut–skin axis; skin cancer; melanoma; cutaneous carcinogenesis  \n1. Introduction  \nThe intestinal microbiota, i.e., the whole of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) that colonize the gastro-enteric tract, has a broad and complex interaction with the immune system through metabolites able to influence the balance between the immune tolerance and the inflammatory state [1] . Also, it communicates with the skin, asan important regulator of the gastrointestinal–skin axis system (“gut–skin axis”) [1] .  \nRecent studies have demonstrated, in fact, that the intestinal microbiota can influence the skin pathophysiology and its corresponding immune response through the cutaneous migration of microorganisms and their metabolites. These ones can enter the bloodstream, through a damaged gastrointestinal barrier and reach the skin, causing distant effects and contributing to the pathogenesis of numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Increasing evidence has also shown a putative role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis and progression of skin cancer, through both a direct influence o","cbCaiuQhhojZu3BH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuQhhojZu3BH","pdf",1369976,22,"English","# Introduction\n## The Human Microbiota and the Gut–Skin Axis","[{\"question\":\"How do skin and gut microorganisms interact with the immune system?\",\"answer\":\"They produce metabolites that influence the balance between immune tolerance and inflammatory states. Microorganisms also interact through gut–skin signaling pathways that affect immune responses.\"},{\"question\":\"Which mechanisms connect microbiota changes to skin cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"Microbiota can influence skin carcinogenesis via direct effects on cell proliferation and death, and indirect effects through host immunity and metabolism. Different microbial patterns are linked to disease progression stages.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the potential therapeutic value of targeting microbiota in advanced skin cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Acting on microbiota is proposed as a possible therapeutic option, especially for advanced cases. However, several limitations and unanswered issues remain.\"}]","Role of the Microbiota in Skin Neoplasms - New Therapeutic Horizons | PDF",1790224348,55]