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Kidney involvement is a known complication in both primary and secondary APS, manifesting as renal artery and vein thrombosis, renal allograft loss after transplantation, and microvascular injury termed APS nephropathy (APSN). APSN arises from vaso-occlusive intrarenal vascular disease, while diagnosis and risk stratification remain complex and continually evolving.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/role-of-antiphospholipid-antibodies-in-kidney-disease-risk-factors-immunopathogenesis-and-diagnosis/406797/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/role-of-antiphospholipid-antibodies-in-kidney-disease-risk-factors-immunopathogenesis-and-diagnosis/406797.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Fans","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What antibodies are included under antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) in APS?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"aPLs include lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies directed against phospholipids and phospholipid-binding proteins at cell surfaces.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does APS affect the kidneys?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Kidney involvement in APS includes renal artery and renal vein thrombosis, renal allograft thrombosis after transplantation, and microvascular injury known as APS nephropathy (APSN).",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why are diagnosis and risk stratification of APS and APSN considered challenging?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Diagnosis and risk stratification are complex because criteria and presentations continue to evolve, and the clinical picture is heterogeneous.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},406797,1790617992,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},5909892330395,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","| W | J | N | World Journal of\u003Cbr>Nephrology |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\nSubmit a Manuscript: [https://www.f6publishing.com](https://www.f6publishing.com) World J Nephrol 2025 December 25; 14(4): 110882  \nDOI: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110882 ISSN 2220-6124 (online)  \nREVIEW  \nRole of antiphospholipid antibodies in kidney disease: Risk factors, immunopathogenesis, and diagnosis  \nKhawar Abbas, Rubina Naqvi, Wajiha Musharraf, Muhammed Mubarak, Jawahar Lal  \nSpecialty type: Immunology  \nProvenance and peer review:  \nInvited article; Externally peer reviewed.  \nPeer-review model: Single blind  \nPeer-review report’s classification Scientific Quality: Grade C  \nNovelty: Grade C  \nCreativity or Innovation: Grade C  \nScientific Significance: Grade C  \nP-Reviewer: Bo Y, MD, Researcher, China  \nReceived: June 18, 2025  \nRevised: July 8, 2025  \nAccepted: October 13, 2025  \nPublished online: December 25, 2025  \nProcessing time: 188 Days and 22.2 Hours  \nKhawar Abbas, Wajiha Musharraf, Department of Immunology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan  \nRubina Naqvi, Department of Nephrology, Sindh Institute of Urology & Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan  \nMuhammed Mubarak, Department of Histopathology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan  \nJawahar Lal, Department of Internal Medicine, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan  \nCo-corresponding authors: Khawar Abbas and Wajiha Musharraf.  \nCorresponding author: Khawar Abbas, Professor, Department of Immunology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Chand Bibi Road, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan.  \n[drkhawar_imuno@yahoo.com](drkhawar_imuno@yahoo.com)  \nAbstract  \nAntiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that include anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies, and lupus anticoagulant. The presence of aPLs is the main characteristic feature of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), an autoimmune disease with multifactorial etiology. Kidney involvement is a well-recognized complication associated with both primary and secondary APS. Kidney involvement in APS presents with renal artery thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, allograft loss due to thrombosis after kidney transplantation, and injury to the renal microvasculature, also known as APS nephropathy (APSN) . APSN is the characteristic manifestation of kidney involvement in APS and occurs as a result of vaso-occlusive disease in the intrarenal vasculature. Diagnosis and risk stratification of APS are complex and still evolving. This review synthesizes and updates the available evidence in literature regarding risk factors, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of APS and APSN.  \nKey Words: Antiphospholipid syndrome; Antiphospholipid nephropathy; Antiphospholipid antibodies; Thrombosis; Allograft; Kidney infarction  \n©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.  \n WJN  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 1 December 25, 2025  Volume 14  Issue 4   \nAbbas K et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in kidney disease  \nCore Tip: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder defined by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies such as anticardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein I, and lupus anticoagulant. Renal involvement is a significant yet underrecognized complication of both primary and secondary APS. Manifestations include renal artery and vein thrombosis, APS nephropathy (APSN), and renal allograft thrombosis. APSN, a hallmark of renal APS, results from vaso-occlusive injury to the intrarenal microvasculature. Accurate diagnosis and risk assessment remain challenging due to evolving criteria and heterogeneous presentation. This review consolidates current evidence on APS and APSN, emphasizing risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and diagnostic approaches.  \nCitation: Abbas K, Naqvi R, Musharraf W, Mubarak M, ","cbCainvDPXcUMWUd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainvDPXcUMWUd","pdf",14239082,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Antiphospholipid syndrome overview\n## aPLs and diagnostic criteria\n## Kidney involvement and APS nephropathy","[{\"question\":\"What antibodies are included under antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) in APS?\",\"answer\":\"aPLs include lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies directed against phospholipids and phospholipid-binding proteins at cell surfaces.\"},{\"question\":\"How does APS affect the kidneys?\",\"answer\":\"Kidney involvement in APS includes renal artery and renal vein thrombosis, renal allograft thrombosis after transplantation, and microvascular injury known as APS nephropathy (APSN).\"},{\"question\":\"Why are diagnosis and risk stratification of APS and APSN considered challenging?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnosis and risk stratification are complex because criteria and presentations continue to evolve, and the clinical picture is heterogeneous.\"}]","Role of antiphospholipid antibodies in kidney disease - Risk factors, immunopathogenesis, and diagnosis | PDF",1790567904,43]