[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-detail-201720-en":59,"doc-seo-201720-105":81},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":60},{"doc_id":61,"user_id":62,"nickname":63,"user_avatar":64,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":66,"doc_content":67,"file_id":68,"file_url":69,"file_type":70,"file_size":71,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":72,"language":73,"language_code":74,"site_id":75,"html_lang":74,"table_of_contents":76,"faqs":77,"seo_title":78,"seo_description":66,"update_tm":79,"read_time":80},201720,687207024478,"Mia  ","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Risso’s dolphins jaw fat echolocation transcriptome analysis - functional enrichment and key lipid metabolism genes","Jaw fats are essential for echolocation in toothed whales, positioned along both outer and inner segments of the lower jawbone. An RNA sequencing approach examined transcriptomes from these two jaw fat tissues in Risso’s dolphins, identifying 1,899 common upregulated genes. Differential expression revealed 34 and nine significantly upregulated known genes in outer and inner jaw fats, respectively. Enricher-based functional enrichment highlighted lipid metabolism in outer jaw fat and amyloid-beta formation with ECM-receptor interaction activation in inner jaw fat, suggesting roles in de novo lipid synthesis and signal-related neural transfer.","􀂦   \nUniversity of Tokyo  \nUniversity of Tokyo  \nMie University  \nUniversity of Tokyo  \nUniversity of Tokyo  \nUniversity of Tokyo  \nMie University  \nUniversity of Tokyo  \nDolphin, Echolocation, Acoustic fat, RNA sequencing, Functional enrichments, Lipid metabolism  \n January 27th, 2021  \n [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-144280/v1](https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-144280/v1)  \n 􀁱 􀅏 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  \nRead Full License  \nJaw fats play a key role in echolocation in toothed whales. These fats are located along the outer and inner segments of the lower jawbone. A ribose nucleic acid (RNA) sequencing technique was employed to investigate transcriptomes of these two types of jaw fat tissues in Risso’s dolphins. We identi¦ed 1,899 upregulated common genes in both fat tissues. The differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) analysis showed that 34 and nine known genes were signi¦cantly upregulated in outer and inner jaw fats, respectively. A functional enrichment analysis was conducted by Enricher; lipid metabolism-related gene ontologies (GO) and pathways were identi¦ed ( p \u003C0.05) . Based on these analyses, APOH, HNF4A, MYF6, SLC1A2, SLC2A2 and ALDOB were key genes for lipid metabolism in the outer jaw fat which are mainly involved with lipoprotein lipase activities. However, APP, DHX9, PXMP4 and THBS4 genes were highly expressed in the inner jaw fat, and their main functional enrichments were amyloid-beta formation and the activation of ECM-receptor interaction. These recent ¦ ndings provide evidence for de novo lipid synthesis and as a new concept, the APP may be involved with transferring sound wave signals from the inner jaw fat to the brain via neurons, and further studies are necessary for revealing the puzzle of echolocation in toothed whales.  \nSound transmission by adipose tissues in toothed whales (suborder Odontoceti: dolphins, porpoises and whales) is one of the most important macro-evolutionary adaptations to the aquatic environment. Acoustic fats located in the head region, commonly categorized as melon fat and mandibular/jaw fats, play a crucial role in transmitting and receiving sounds, respectively 1–3. Jaw fats are present at the outer and inner regions of the lower jaw and act as a “jawphone” that hears the returning echoes 4; these are also accredited for directing waveguide sounds towards the ear (Aroyan et al., 1992; Koopman et al., 2006a) .  \nThis study specially focuses on the acoustic fats of toothed whales, not the blubber fats. It is understood that these fats consist of both triacylglycerol (TAG) and wax esters (WE) . The presence of WEs in whales has been investigated by many scientists, however their functions are still unclear. Deposition of wax in the ear plugs of baleen whales has already been recorded 7, and the accumulation of wax esters in adipose tissues of toothed whales was also investigated 2,8,9. Generally, scientists believe fatty acids and fatty alcohols that produce wax esters are commonly found. However, acoustic fats of toothed whales contain branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) such as isobutyl-CoA and isovaleryl-Co-A-derived i-5:0, i-10:0, i- 12-0, i-15:0, i-16:0 and i-16:0 alcohol, which is unusual when compared to other mammals 2. Two common pathways are suggested for the synthesis of these fatty acids like odd-chained BCFA by leucine and even-chained BCFA from valine and isoleucine 2. Many toothed whale species contain a mixture of TAGs and WEs in their melon and jaw fat deposits. The varied compositions of this mixture depends on many factors in different species and taxonomically 2,10.  \nThe compositions of fatty acids and fatty alcohols in the jaw fats of toothed whales are diverse 4,11. For example, there are different kinds of fatty alcohol accumulations in the mandibular fats of short-¦nned pilot whales, pygmy sperm whales and several species of beaked whale 2. A past study 12 has investigated comparative lipid pattern","cbCaivPyHvhg87Nh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivPyHvhg87Nh","pdf",1076581,31,"English","en",105,"# Transcriptome profiling of jaw fat tissues\n## Differentially expressed genes (DEGs)\n## Functional enrichment of lipid and inner-jaw pathways\n## Proposed roles in lipid synthesis and echolocation signal transfer","[{\"question\":\"What was the main focus of the transcriptome study in Risso’s dolphins?\",\"answer\":\"The study examined transcriptomes of the outer and inner jaw fat tissues that support echolocation in toothed whales.\"},{\"question\":\"How were genes compared between outer and inner jaw fat?\",\"answer\":\"RNA sequencing data were analyzed to identify shared upregulated genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"Which biological processes were highlighted by functional enrichment analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Outer jaw fat enrichment centered on lipid metabolism-related ontologies and pathways, while inner jaw fat emphasized amyloid-beta formation and ECM-receptor interaction activation.\"}]","Risso’s dolphins jaw fat echolocation transcriptome analysis - functional enrichment and key lipid metabolism genes | PDF",1788537638,78,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"ok",{"site_id":75,"language":74,"slug":84,"title":65,"keywords":85,"description":66,"schema_data":86,"social_meta":140,"head_meta":142,"extra_data":144,"updated_unix":79},"rissos-dolphins-jaw-fat-echolocation-transcriptome-analysis-functional-enrichment-and-key-lipid-metabolism-genes","",{"@graph":87,"@context":139},[88,102,122],{"@type":89,"itemListElement":90},"BreadcrumbList",[91,95,97,100],{"item":92,"name":93,"@type":94,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":96,"name":9,"@type":94,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":98,"name":40,"@type":94,"position":99},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":101,"name":65,"@type":94,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/rissos-dolphins-jaw-fat-echolocation-transcriptome-analysis-functional-enrichment-and-key-lipid-metabolism-genes/201720/",{"url":101,"name":65,"@type":103,"image":104,"author":109,"headline":65,"publisher":111,"fileFormat":114,"inLanguage":74,"description":66,"dateModified":115,"datePublished":116,"encodingFormat":114,"isAccessibleForFree":117,"interactionStatistic":118},"DigitalDocument",{"url":105,"@type":106,"width":107,"height":108},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/rissos-dolphins-jaw-fat-echolocation-transcriptome-analysis-functional-enrichment-and-key-lipid-metabolism-genes/201720.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":63,"@type":110},"Person",{"url":92,"name":112,"@type":113},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-19","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":119,"interactionType":120,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":121},"ViewAction",{"@type":123,"mainEntity":124},"FAQPage",[125,131,135],{"name":126,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":128},"What was the main focus of the transcriptome study in Risso’s dolphins?","Question",{"text":129,"@type":130},"The study examined transcriptomes of the outer and inner jaw fat tissues that support echolocation in toothed whales.","Answer",{"name":132,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":133},"How were genes compared between outer and inner jaw fat?",{"text":134,"@type":130},"RNA sequencing data were analyzed to identify shared upregulated genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two tissues.",{"name":136,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":137},"Which biological processes were highlighted by functional enrichment analysis?",{"text":138,"@type":130},"Outer jaw fat enrichment centered on lipid metabolism-related ontologies and pathways, while inner jaw fat emphasized amyloid-beta formation and ECM-receptor interaction activation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":101,"og:type":141,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":112,"og:description":66},"article",{"robots":143,"canonical":101},"index,follow",{"doc_id":61,"site_id":75}]