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Some SMC can lead to injuries and even death, yet peer-reviewed evidence remains limited and inconsistent. This scoping review aimed to map research on risky SMC. Methods MEDLINE and PsycInfo were searched for 2000–2024 studies on SMC with a reasonable likelihood of causing injury, excluding intentionally injurious acts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":127},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/risky-social-media-challenges-a-scoping-review-20002024/442351/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/risky-social-media-challenges-a-scoping-review-20002024/442351.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mary Man","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119,123],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are social media challenges (SMC) and why are they a concern?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"SMC are activities people perform as content on social media, sometimes after being “challenged” to join. Some challenges can cause injuries and even death, raising public health concerns.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How was “risky” SMC defined and what studies were excluded?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Risky SMC were defined as challenges with a reasonable likelihood of causing injury. Articles were excluded when the SMC involved intentional injury, such as cutting or suicide.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which social media platforms and risky challenges appeared most often?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The most commonly discussed platforms were YouTube (52%) and TikTok (31%). The most common risky challenges were the Cinnamon Challenge (33%) and Fire Challenge (24%).",{"name":124,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":125},"What injuries and outcomes were reported, and were interventions described?",{"text":126,"@type":114},"Injuries were mentioned in 89% of articles, including burns, poisoning, lung injury, and strangulation. Reported outcomes included emergent medical evaluation (67%), permanent morbidity (29%), and death (33%), while interventions were mentioned in most articles but there were no descriptions of employed interventions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":129,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":131,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":133,"site_id":62},442351,1790887910,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":136},{"doc_id":133,"user_id":137,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":138,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":139,"file_id":140,"file_url":141,"file_type":142,"file_size":143,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":149,"preview_page_count":4},7421720224475,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Middelberg etal. Injury Epidemiology (2026) 13:1  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-025-00647-0](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-025-00647-0)  \nInjury Epidemiology  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nRisky social media challenges: a scoping review, 2000–2024  \nLeah K. Middel berg 1,4*, Anne Elizabeth Mason2, Susi Miller2, Sara Helwig 1 and Lara B. McKenzie3,4,5  \nAbstract  \nBackground Social media challenges (SMC) are activities individuals perform as content for social media, sometimes being “challenged” by others to join. Some of these challenges can cause injuries and even death. While SMC are frequently reported in media, peer-reviewed literature on SMC is limited and varied. Our objective was to conduct ascoping review of risky SMC to map the research area.  \nMethods We conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE and PsycInfo® from 2000 through 2024, for articles about risky SMC, defined as SMC that have a reasonable likelihood of causing injury. The articles were excluded if the SMC involved intentional injury (e. g., cutting or suicide) . Articles were screened and data were extracted. Descriptive statistics summarized article characteristics.  \nResults A total of 1651 articles were identified; 54 met inclusion criteria. All articles were categorized as observational studies including reviews (26%), case reports or series (24%), or descriptive studies (22%) . The first article about a risky SMC was from 2010 and article numbers increased annually since, with an increase from 1 article in 2010 to 12 in 2024. The most common social media platforms discussed were YouTube (52%) followed by TikTok (31%), both video-based platforms. The top risky SMC were the Cinnamon Challenge (33%) and Fire Challenge (24%) . Injuries were mentioned in 89% of the articles including burns, poisoning, lung injury, and strangulation. Of the articles that discuss a specific injury case, reported outcomes include emergent medical evaluation (67%), permanent morbidity (29%), and death (33%) . The majority (67 . 3%) of articles mention possible interventions including parent, school or provider education (57%), platform changes (17%), and legislation (13%) . There were no descriptions of employed interventions.  \nConclusions Injuries from risky SMC have been reported in peer-reviewed literature and have increased annually over time. There is a need for more research and interventions to mitigate the harmful effects.  \nKeywords Social media, Challenges, Injury, Online, Risky, Behavior  \n*Correspondence:  \nLeah K. Middel berg  \n[Leah.Middel berg@NationwideChildrens.org](Leah.Middel berg@NationwideChildrens.org)  \n1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus 43205, OH, USA 2Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus 43205, OH, USA  \n3Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus 43205, OH, USA  \n4Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, 370 W. 9th Ave., Columbus 43210, OH, USA  \n5Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, 250 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus 43210, OH, USA  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the materi","cbCaiuQqIwyY20GN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuQqIwyY20GN","pdf",1228441,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What are social media challenges (SMC) and why are they a concern?\",\"answer\":\"SMC are activities people perform as content on social media, sometimes after being “challenged” to join. Some challenges can cause injuries and even death, raising public health concerns.\"},{\"question\":\"How was “risky” SMC defined and what studies were excluded?\",\"answer\":\"Risky SMC were defined as challenges with a reasonable likelihood of causing injury. Articles were excluded when the SMC involved intentional injury, such as cutting or suicide.\"},{\"question\":\"Which social media platforms and risky challenges appeared most often?\",\"answer\":\"The most commonly discussed platforms were YouTube (52%) and TikTok (31%). The most common risky challenges were the Cinnamon Challenge (33%) and Fire Challenge (24%).\"},{\"question\":\"What injuries and outcomes were reported, and were interventions described?\",\"answer\":\"Injuries were mentioned in 89% of articles, including burns, poisoning, lung injury, and strangulation. Reported outcomes included emergent medical evaluation (67%), permanent morbidity (29%), and death (33%), while interventions were mentioned in most articles but there were no descriptions of employed interventions.\"}]","Risky social media challenges - a scoping review, 2000–2024 | PDF",1790699975,25]