[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-468923-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-468923-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","risk-scores-for-stratifying-hepatocellular-carcinoma-and-optimizing-surveillance-strategies","Risk Scores for Stratifying Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Optimizing Surveillance Strategies","","Hepatocellular carcinoma remains a major global health burden, with poor outcomes driven largely by diagnosis at advanced stages and limited performance of current surveillance tools. Conventional ultrasound combined with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) shows insufficient sensitivity for early detection, creating a need to better identify people at risk. This review summarizes validated HCC risk scores using readily available demographic, clinical, or molecular parameters to support individualized surveillance and improved early detection and outcomes.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/risk-scores-for-stratifying-hepatocellular-carcinoma-and-optimizing-surveillance-strategies/468923/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/risk-scores-for-stratifying-hepatocellular-carcinoma-and-optimizing-surveillance-strategies/468923.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Cipher","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why are current hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance tools insufficient?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Current tools, especially ultrasound with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), have limited sensitivity for early-stage detection, which contributes to diagnosis at advanced stages and poor outcomes.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What is the main focus of the review?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The review focuses on summarizing validated HCC risk scores that discriminate reliably while relying on information that can be obtained in routine care, rather than specialized or inaccessible tests.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How do improved risk scores support better surveillance?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Advances in risk scores enable surveillance approaches based on individual risk, improving risk stratification and increasing the likelihood of early detection for people in at-risk populations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},468923,1791292386,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":127,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Review  \nRisk Scores for Stratifying Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Optimizing Surveillance Strategies  \nYu-Ping Chang 1, Yun-Chu Chen 2 and Chen-Hua Liu 2,3,4, *  \nAcademic Editor: Liliana Chemello  \nReceived: 27 November 2025  \nRevised: 25 December 2025  \nAccepted: 30 December 2025  \nPublished: 2 January 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsinchu 302058, Taiwan; [melsachangchang@gmail.com](melsachangchang@gmail.com)  \n2 Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100229, Taiwan; [ycc103311151@gmail.com](ycc103311151@gmail.com)  \n3 Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100229, Taiwan  \n4 Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Douliou 640203, Taiwan  \n* [Correspondence: jacque_liu@mail2000.com.tw](Correspondence: jacque_liu@mail2000.com.tw)  \nSimple Summary  \nThis review highlights the limitations of current hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance and emphasizes the need for improved identification of individuals at risk. It summarizes validated HCC risk scores that rely on readily available demographic, clinical, or molecular parameters, rather than specialized or inaccessible tests.  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health burden, with poor outcomes largely due to diagnosis at an advanced stage and the limited performance of current surveillance tools. Ultrasound with alpha fetoprotein (AFP) provides insufficient sensitivity for early-stage detection, highlighting the need to better identify the at-risk population. Focus of the review: Many HCC risk scores have been proposed; however, some depend on specialized laboratory data that are not widely available. This review summarizes risk scores that show reliable discrimination and rely on demographic, clinical, or molecular information that can be readily obtained in routine care. Conclusions: Advances in HCC risk scores support the move toward surveillance approaches based on individual risk. These tools can improve risk stratification, increase the likelihood of early detection, and potentially support better outcomes for people who belong to the at-risk population for HCC.  \nKeywords: risk scores; risk stratification; hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance  \n1. Introduction  \n1.1. Epidemiology and Global Burden of HCC  \nThe global incidence of liver cancer is projected to nearly double between 2022 and 2050, reaching an estimated 1.5 million new cases by 2050 [1] . Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, which accounts for approximately 75–86% of all cases [2] . It is the sixth most common malignancy, and the third leading cause of cancerrelated mortality worldwide [3] . HCC continues to impose a tremendous global health burden, accounting for an estimated 12.9 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2021, one of the highest among all cancers, largely driven by late-stage diagnosis and correspondingly high mortality. The absolute number of DALYs continues to rise due to population growth and aging [4] . Regionally, East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa continue to  \nbear the highest DALY burden, largely due to endemic hepatitis B and C, while Western Europe and North America have seen rising DALYs related to alcohol and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) [5] . Globally, the overall 5-year survival rate for HCC remains poor, at approximately 20% . Outcomes vary markedly by tumor stage at diagnosis, treatment type and time period of diagnosis [6,7] . Recent realworld data analyzed by Mignote et al. underscore the profound impact of stage migration and treatment accessibility on survival. Notably, p","cbCaiiTxUvgiLZnv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiTxUvgiLZnv","pdf",348644,"English","# Simple Summary\n# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Epidemiology and Global Burden of HCC\n## Shifting Etiologies of HCC","[{\"question\":\"Why are current hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance tools insufficient?\",\"answer\":\"Current tools, especially ultrasound with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), have limited sensitivity for early-stage detection, which contributes to diagnosis at advanced stages and poor outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on summarizing validated HCC risk scores that discriminate reliably while relying on information that can be obtained in routine care, rather than specialized or inaccessible tests.\"},{\"question\":\"How do improved risk scores support better surveillance?\",\"answer\":\"Advances in risk scores enable surveillance approaches based on individual risk, improving risk stratification and increasing the likelihood of early detection for people in at-risk populations.\"}]","Risk Scores for Stratifying Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Optimizing Surveillance Strategies | PDF",1790774864,48]