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Because MS disproportionately affects women, and gynecological cancers—especially cervical pre-cancer and cancer—are of major concern, the review synthesizes data linking MS-specific factors to outcomes. It discusses the causal role of persistent oncogenic HPV, the effect of DMT-related risk, and modifiers such as HPV vaccination and cervical screening participation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/risk-of-cervical-pre-cancer-and-cancer-in-women-with-multiple-sclerosis-exposed-to-high-efficacy-disease-modifying-therapies/382115/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/risk-of-cervical-pre-cancer-and-cancer-in-women-with-multiple-sclerosis-exposed-to-high-efficacy-disease-modifying-therapies/382115.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is cervical cancer risk important in women with multiple sclerosis (MS)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review highlights that MS affects women more often and that cervical pre-cancer and cancer are key gynecological malignancies of concern in this group.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role does persistent oncogenic HPV play in cervical cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Almost all cervical cancer is linked to persistent infection with oncogenic HPV types. Persistent infection increases the risk of developing cervical pre-cancerous abnormalities that can progress to cancer.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How might MS disease modifying therapies (DMTs) influence cervical disease risk?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review evaluates whether DMT exposure in women with MS alters the risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer, while also considering whether changes stem from the autoimmune condition itself or from the therapies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},382115,1790700304,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 10 February 2023  \nDOI 10. 3389/fneur.2023.1119660  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nZsolt Illes,  \nUniversity of Southern Denmark, Denmark  \nREVIEWED BY  \nCecilia Rajda,  \nUniversity Szeged, Hungary Luanne Metz,  \nUniversity of Calgary, Canada  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nFrancesca Bridge  \n [Francesca.bridge@monash.edu](Francesca.bridge@monash.edu)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nSPECIALTY SECTION  \nThis article was submitted to  \nMultiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, a section of the journal  \nFrontiers in Neurology  \nRECEIVED 09 December 2022  \nACCEPTED 24 January 2023  \nPUBLISHED 10 February 2023  \nCITATION  \nBridge F, Brotherton JML, Foong Y, Butzkueven H, Jokubaitis VG and Van der Walt A (2023) Risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer in women with multiple sclerosis exposed to high e􀀈cacy disease modifying therapies. Front. Neurol. 14:1119660 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1119660  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2023 Bridge, Brotherton, Foong, Butzkueven, Jokubaitis and Van der Walt. This is an  \nopen-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nRisk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer in women with multiple sclerosis exposed to high e􀀈cacy disease modifying therapies  \nFrancesca Bridge1,2*, Julia M. L. Brotherton3,4 , Yi Foong1,2,5 , Helmut Butzkueven1,2 , Vilija G. Jokubaitis1,2† and  \nAnneke Van der Walt1,2†  \n1 Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,  \n2 Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 3Australian Centre for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer (Formerly Victorian Cytology Service), Carlton South, VIC, Australia, 4 Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 5 Department of Neurosciences, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia  \nThere is a growing need to better understand the risk of malignancy in the multiple sclerosis (MS) population, particularly given the relatively recent and widespread introduction of immunomodulating disease modifying therapies (DMTs) . Multiple sclerosis disproportionately a􀀀ects women, and the risk of gynecological malignancies, specifically cervical pre-cancer and cancer, are of particular concern. The causal relationship between persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer has been definitively established. To date, there is limited data on the e􀀀ect of MS DMTs on the risk of persistent HPV infection and subsequent progression to cervical pre-cancer and cancer. This review evaluates the risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer in women with MS, including the risk conferred by DMTs. We examine additional factors, specific to the MS population, that alter the risk of developing cervical cancer including participation in HPV vaccination and cervical screening programs.  \nKEYWORDS  \ncervical cancer, disease modifying therapy (DMT), autoimmune disease (AID), multiple sclerosis (MS), human papilloma virus (HPV)  \n1. Introduction  \nThere is growing need to better understand the risk of cancer in the multiple sclerosis (MS) population, particularly with the recent and widespread introduction of highly e􀀓ective immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive disease modifying therapies (DMTs) (1, 2) . MS is a chronic in􀀃ammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that is three times more prevalent in women and usually diagnosed between the ages of 20–40 years (3) . Treatment with DMTs is usually commenced at diagnosis and continued life-long, leading to signi􀀂cant long-term exposure (4)","cbCaisKHV8o5wRsc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisKHV8o5wRsc","pdf",965995,13,"English","# Introduction\n## Role of persistent oncogenic HPV and progression to cervical cancer\n## MS-related factors and uncertainty about DMT effects","[{\"question\":\"Why is cervical cancer risk important in women with multiple sclerosis (MS)?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights that MS affects women more often and that cervical pre-cancer and cancer are key gynecological malignancies of concern in this group.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does persistent oncogenic HPV play in cervical cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Almost all cervical cancer is linked to persistent infection with oncogenic HPV types. Persistent infection increases the risk of developing cervical pre-cancerous abnormalities that can progress to cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"How might MS disease modifying therapies (DMTs) influence cervical disease risk?\",\"answer\":\"The review evaluates whether DMT exposure in women with MS alters the risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer, while also considering whether changes stem from the autoimmune condition itself or from the therapies.\"}]","Risk of cervical pre-cancer and cancer in women with multiple sclerosis exposed to high efficacy disease modifying therapies | PDF",1790249135,33]