[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-328435-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-328435-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","risk-factors-for-secondary-bladder-cancer-following-prostate-cancer-radiotherapy","Risk factors for secondary bladder cancer following prostate cancer radiotherapy","","This review investigates the complex landscape of secondary bladder cancer (SBC) after radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PCa). External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) increases SBC risk, whereas brachytherapy appears to produce smaller increases by delivering targeted radiation that spares surrounding bladder tissue. Secondary cancers in the bladder are the most commonly diagnosed in irradiated PCa populations. Patient factors—especially age and smoking—strongly influence susceptibility, including synergistic effects with radiation exposure. A dose-response relationship links higher radiation doses to higher SBC risk, and the latency spans years to decades.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/risk-factors-for-secondary-bladder-cancer-following-prostate-cancer-radiotherapy/328435/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/risk-factors-for-secondary-bladder-cancer-following-prostate-cancer-radiotherapy/328435.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Liam","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",9,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How does external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) compare with brachytherapy in relation to secondary bladder cancer risk?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"EBRT is associated with an increased risk of secondary bladder cancer, while brachytherapy is linked to smaller increased risks due to its targeted radiation delivery that spares surrounding bladder tissue.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What patient-related factors influence the risk of secondary bladder cancer after prostate cancer radiotherapy?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Age plays a dual-edged role, and smoking—an established bladder cancer risk factor—can increase vulnerability. Smoking also shows a synergistic effect with radiation exposure, amplifying the likelihood of genetic mutations and SBC.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What relationship exists between radiation dose and the risk or timing of secondary bladder cancer?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"A strong dose-response relationship is described: higher radiation doses consistently correspond to a higher SBC risk. The latency period ranges from years to decades, making timing a critical factor.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},328435,1790085857,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":55,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Risk factors for secondary bladder cancer following prostate cancer radiotherapy  \nMarie-Christina Jahreiß1, Wilma D. Heemsbergen1, Katja K. H. Aben2,3, Luca Incrocci1  \n1Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 2Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 3Deaprtment for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands  \nContributions: (I) Conception and design: L Incrocci, WD Heemsbergen; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: None; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: MC Jahreiß, WD Heemsbergen, KKH Aben; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors;  \n(VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.  \nCorrespondence to: Luca Incrocci, MD, PhD. Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr.  \nMolewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Email: [l.incrocci@erasmusmc.nl](l.incrocci@erasmusmc.nl).  \nAbstract: This review investigates the complex landscape of secondary bladder cancer (SBC) after radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PCa). External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) poses an increased risk for SBC, while brachytherapy seems to be associated with smaller increased risks for SBC due to its targeted radiation delivery, sparing the surrounding bladder tissue. Secondary cancers in the bladder are the most frequently diagnosed secondary cancers in the PCa patient population treated with radiotherapy. Patient-related factors are pivotal, with age emerging as a dual-edged factor. While advanced age is a recognized risk for bladder cancer, younger PCa patients exhibit higher susceptibility to radiation-induced cancers. Smoking, a wellestablished bladder cancer risk factor, increases this vulnerability. Studies highlight the synergistic effect of smoking and radiation exposure, amplifying the likelihood of genetic mutations and SBC. The latency period of SBC, which spans years to decades, remains a critical aspect. There is a strong dose-response relationship between radiation exposure and SBC risk, with higher doses consistently being associated with a higher SBC risk. While specific models for therapeutic radiation-induced SBC are lacking, insights from related studies, like the Atomic Bomb survivor research, emphasize the bladder’s sensitivity to radiation-induced cancer. Chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy, although infrequently used in PCa, emerges as a potential risk for bladder cancer. Bladder cancer’s complex epidemiology, encompassing risk factors, treatment modalities, and cancer types, provides a comprehensive backdrop. As research refines understanding, we hope  \nthat this review contributes to guide clinicians, inform patient care, and shape preventive strategies on SBC.  \nKeywords: Secondary bladder cancer (SBC); radiotherapy; prostate cancer (PCa); risk factors  \nSubmitted Dec 20, 2023. Accepted for publication May 05, 2024. Published online Jun 17, 2024.  \ndoi: 10.21037/tau-23-667  \nView this article at: [https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-23-667](https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-23-667)  \nIntroduction  \nProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting men worldwide. With an aging population and advances in early detection, the incidence of PCa continues to rise (1) . In the past decades, treatment modalities for PCa have evolved significantly, offering patients a range of therapeutic options. Among these,  \nradiotherapy has emerged as a primary treatment modality, providing curative and palliative benefits to PCa patients. Despite its efficacy, radiotherapy is not without its complexities and potential risks.  \nRadiotherapy for PCa involves the targeted delivery of ionizing radiation to the eradicate cancer cells, typically through external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or brachytherapy.","cbCaiiASCmNh2zDy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiASCmNh2zDy","pdf",228972,"English","# Introduction\n## Prostate cancer prevalence and radiotherapy modalities\n## Radiation-induced secondary bladder cancers (SBC) and research need\n## Bladder cancer epidemiology and established risk factors\n# Review Aim and scope","[{\"question\":\"How does external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) compare with brachytherapy in relation to secondary bladder cancer risk?\",\"answer\":\"EBRT is associated with an increased risk of secondary bladder cancer, while brachytherapy is linked to smaller increased risks due to its targeted radiation delivery that spares surrounding bladder tissue.\"},{\"question\":\"What patient-related factors influence the risk of secondary bladder cancer after prostate cancer radiotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"Age plays a dual-edged role, and smoking—an established bladder cancer risk factor—can increase vulnerability. Smoking also shows a synergistic effect with radiation exposure, amplifying the likelihood of genetic mutations and SBC.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationship exists between radiation dose and the risk or timing of secondary bladder cancer?\",\"answer\":\"A strong dose-response relationship is described: higher radiation doses consistently correspond to a higher SBC risk. The latency period ranges from years to decades, making timing a critical factor.\"}]","Risk factors for secondary bladder cancer following prostate cancer radiotherapy | PDF",1789979751,23]