[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-374435-105":59,"doc-detail-374435-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","risk-factors-and-prevention-of-cancer-and-cvds-a-chicken-and-egg-situation","Risk Factors and Prevention of Cancer and CVDs - A Chicken and Egg Situation","","Cardiovascular diseases and cancer drive mortality worldwide, sharing multiple pathophysiological pathways and risk factors such as chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation. Several cancers are closely linked with cardiovascular disease, including lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, and hematologic malignancies, while renal and pancreatic cancers show substantial cardiovascular associations. Lifestyle interventions targeting activity, diet quality, and cessation of smoking and alcohol improve both CV and oncologic outcomes. Pharmacological approaches, including statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, metformin, and newer agents such as GLP-1RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors, may offer cardioprotective, metabolic, and potential anti-neoplastic effects. This review emphasizes shared risks and the evidence supporting lifestyle and drug strategies for prevention, alongside mechanistic research needs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/risk-factors-and-prevention-of-cancer-and-cvds-a-chicken-and-egg-situation/374435/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/risk-factors-and-prevention-of-cancer-and-cvds-a-chicken-and-egg-situation/374435.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Connor ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are cancer and cardiovascular diseases discussed together in this review?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They share multiple pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors, including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation, creating a bidirectional relationship between the two conditions.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which lifestyle changes are highlighted as effective for both CV and cancer outcomes?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and stopping smoking and alcohol are described as reducing both cardiovascular and oncological morbidity and mortality.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What pharmacological approaches may contribute to cancer prevention beyond cardiovascular indications?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Cardiovascular medications such as statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, and metformin are noted for pleiotropic effects that may extend to anti-neoplastic properties, supported by preclinical and observational evidence.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},374435,1790443900,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},687207022233,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Review  \nRisk Factors and Prevention of Cancer and CVDs: A Chicken and Egg Situation  \nMaurizio Giuseppe Abrignani 1, *,†, Fabiana Lucà 2, *,†, Vincenzo Abrignani 3, Mariacarmela Nucara 2, Daniele Grosseto 4, Chiara Lestuzzi 5, Marinella Mistrangelo 6, Bruno Passaretti 7, Carmelo Massimiliano Rao 8 and Iris Parrini 9  \nAcademic Editor: Anna Kabłak-Ziembicka  \nReceived: 5 March 2025  \nRevised: 30 March 2025  \nAccepted: 9 April 2025  \nPublished: 29 April 2025  \nCitation: Abrignani, M.G.; Lucà, F.; Abrignani, V.; Nucara, M.; Grosseto, D.; Lestuzzi, C.; Mistrangelo, M.; Passaretti, B.; Rao, C.M.; Parrini, I. Risk  \nFactors and Prevention of Cancer and CVDs: AChicken and Egg Situation. J.  \nClin. Med. 2025, 14, 3083. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093083](doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093083)  \n[Copyright:](Copyright:) © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 O.U. of Cardiology, P. Borsellino Hospital Marsala, ASP Trapani, 91025 Marsala, Italy  \n2 O.U. Interventional Cardiology-ICCU, A.O. Bianchi Melacrino Morelli, 89128 Reggio Calabria, Italy; [maricanucara@gmail.com](maricanucara@gmail.com)  \n3 Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; maur.abri@alice.it  \n4 Cardiology Unit, Hospital Ceccarini, 47838 Riccione, Italy; [daniele.grosseto@auslromagna.it](daniele.grosseto@auslromagna.it)  \n5 Esperia Medical Center, 33080 Porcia, Italy; [chiara.lestuzzi@gmail.com](chiara.lestuzzi@gmail.com)  \n6 Department Rete Oncologica Piemonte e Valle d’Aosta, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy; [mmistrangelo@reteoncologica.it](mmistrangelo@reteoncologica.it)  \n7 Cardiology Unit, Homanitas, Gavazzeni-Castelli, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; [bruno@passaretti.org](bruno@passaretti.org)  \n8 Cardiology Unit, Hospital Santa Maria Degli Ungheresi, 89024 Polistena, Italy  \n9 Cardiology Department, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, 10128 Turin, Italy; [irisparrini@libero.it](irisparrini@libero.it)  \n* [Correspondence: maur.abri60@gmail.com](Correspondence: maur.abri60@gmail.com) (M.G.A.); [fabiana.luca92@gmail.com](fabiana.luca92@gmail.com) (F.L.)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the two primary causes of mortality worldwide. Although traditionally regarded as distinct pathologies, they share numerous pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors, including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation. Notably, several cancers have been identified as closely linked to cardiovascular diseases, including lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers, as well as hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Additionally, renal and pancreatic cancers exhibit a significant association with cardiovascular complications, partly due to shared risk factors and the cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapies. Addressing the overlapping risk factors through lifestyle modifications—such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and cessation of smoking and alcohol—has proven effective in reducing both CV and oncological morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, even in patients with established cancer, structured interventions targeting physical activity, nutritional optimization, and smoking cessation have been associated with improved outcomes. Beyond lifestyle modifications, pharmacological strategies play a crucial role in the prevention of both diseases. Several cardiovascular medications, including statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, and metformin, exhibit pleiotropic effects that extend beyond their primary i","cbCaiffU4I7YwpFv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiffU4I7YwpFv","pdf",1571762,25,"English","# Introduction\n## Shared risk factors and bidirectional links\n## Lifestyle interventions for prevention\n## Pharmacological strategies and pleiotropic effects\n## Emerging cardiometabolic and cancer-related therapies\n## Research needs and mechanistic insights","[{\"question\":\"Why are cancer and cardiovascular diseases discussed together in this review?\",\"answer\":\"They share multiple pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors, including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation, creating a bidirectional relationship between the two conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"Which lifestyle changes are highlighted as effective for both CV and cancer outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and stopping smoking and alcohol are described as reducing both cardiovascular and oncological morbidity and mortality.\"},{\"question\":\"What pharmacological approaches may contribute to cancer prevention beyond cardiovascular indications?\",\"answer\":\"Cardiovascular medications such as statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, and metformin are noted for pleiotropic effects that may extend to anti-neoplastic properties, supported by preclinical and observational evidence.\"}]","Risk Factors and Prevention of Cancer and CVDs - A Chicken and Egg Situation | PDF",1790201658,63]