[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-326932-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-326932-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","ribosomes-chapter-1-protein-biosynthesis-summary-and-definitions","RIBOSOMES - Chapter 1 - Protein Biosynthesis: Summary and Definitions","","RIBOSOMES outlines the fundamentals of how cells build proteins and how ribosomes are organized at multiple structural levels. It introduces protein biosynthesis using clear definitions, then explains messenger RNA, the genetic code, and the structure and folding of mRNA. It further covers transfer RNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, including discovery, tRNA structure across primary/secondary/tertiary levels, and the rules governing aminoacylation specificity. The work then transitions to ribosomes and translation, detailing initiation, elongation, and termination, energy balance, and cell-free systems, followed by ribosome morphology, ribosomal RNA structure, and ribosomal proteins and their interactions.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ribosomes-chapter-1-protein-biosynthesis-summary-and-definitions/326932/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ribosomes-chapter-1-protein-biosynthesis-summary-and-definitions/326932.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Eden","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What topics are covered in Part I of RIBOSOMES?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Part I presents foundational concepts of protein biosynthesis, including messenger RNA and the genetic code, transfer RNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and the translation process carried out by ribosomes.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the document treat mRNA in relation to the genetic code?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It discusses the discovery of mRNA, deciphering the genetic code, features and deviations of the code dictionary, and the structure and folding of mRNA, including primary structure and functional regions.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What structural aspects of ribosomes are addressed in Part II?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Part II covers ribosome morphology, ribosomal RNA structure from primary to tertiary and compact folding, ribosomal protein structures and complexes, and the mutual arrangement of rRNA and proteins (quaternary structure).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},326932,1790959071,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1374391974468,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","RIBOSOMES  \nby Alexander S. Spirin  \nInstitute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, and Department of Molecular Biology, Moscow State University  \nPreface .................................................................. 1  \nPART I: HISTORICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL INTRODUCTION  \nChapter 1: Protein Biosynthesis: Summary and Definitions ...................... 11  \nChapter 2: Messenger RNA and the Genetic Code .............................. 13  \n2.1. Discovery of mRNA .............................................. 13  \n2.2. Deciphering the Code ............................................. 14  \n2.3. Some Features of the Code Dictionary................................ 16  \n2.4. Deviations from the Universal Code ................................. 17  \n2.5. Structure of mRNA............................................... 19  \n2.5.1. Primary Structure ......................................... 19  \n2.5.2. Functional Regions........................................ 19  \n2.5.3. Folding ................................................. 21  \n2.6. Messenger Ribonucleoproteins of Higher Eukaryotes .................... 22  \nBIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................... 24  \nChapter 3: Transfer RNA and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases ..................... 27  \n3.1. Discovery ...................................................... 27  \n3.2. Structure of tRNA................................................ 28  \n3.2.1. Primary Structure ......................................... 28  \n3.2.2. Secondary Structure ....................................... 30  \n3.2.3. Tertiary Structure ......................................... 32  \n3.3. Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases ...................................... 34  \n3.4. Aminoacylation of tRNA .......................................... 37  \n3.5. Specificity of tRNA Aminoacylation ................................. 39  \n3.5.1. Specificity for Amino Acids ................................ 39  \n3.5.2. Specificity for tRNA ...................................... 40  \n3.5.3. Specific Modifications of Aminoacyl Residue after Aminoacylation . 42  \nBIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................... 43  \nChapter 4: Ribosomes and Translation ....................................... 45  \n4.1. First Observations................................................ 45  \n4.2. Localization of Ribosomes in the Cell ................................ 45  \n4.3. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Ribosomes ............................... 47  \n4.4. Sequential Readout of mRNA by Ribosomes; Polyribosomes ............. 48  \n4.5. Stages of Translation: Initiation, Elongation, and Termination ............. 50  \n4.6. Chemical Reactions and Overall Energy Balance of Protein Biosynthesis .... 51  \n4.7. Cell-free Translation Systems ...................................... 52  \nBIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................... 55  \nPART II: STRUCTURE OF THE RIBOSOME  \nChapter 5: Morphology of the Ribosome  \nby Victor D. Vasiliev and Alexander S. Spirin ............................. 59  \n5.1. Size, Appearance, and Subdivision into Subunits ....................... 59  \n5.2. Small Subunit ................................................... 60  \n5.3. Large Subunit ................................................... 61  \n5.4. Association of Subunits into the Complete Ribosome .................... 62  \n5.5. Morphology of the Ribosome at 25 Å Resolution ....................... 64  \n5.6. X-Ray Crystallography of the Ribosome .............................. 66  \nBIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................... 67  \nChapter 6: Ribosomal RNA  \nby Alexey A. Bogdanov and Alexander S. Spirin............................ 69  \n6.1. Introduction .................................................... 69  \n6.2. Types of Ribosomal RNAs and their Primary Structures ................. 69  \n6.3. Secondary Structure of Ribosomal RNAs ............................. 70  \n6.3.1. General Principles ...............................","cbCaivSBPtMYgGxK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivSBPtMYgGxK","pdf",4555116,337,"English","# Preface\n# PART I: HISTORICAL AND FUNDAMENTAL INTRODUCTION\n## Chapter 1: Protein Biosynthesis: Summary and Definitions\n## Chapter 2: Messenger RNA and the Genetic Code\n## Chapter 3: Transfer RNA and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases\n## Chapter 4: Ribosomes and Translation\n# PART II: STRUCTURE OF THE RIBOSOME\n## Chapter 5: Morphology of the Ribosome\n## Chapter 6: Ribosomal RNA\n## Chapter 7: Ribosomal Proteins\n## Chapter 8: Mutual Arrangement of Ribosomal RNA and Proteins (Quaternary Structure)","[{\"question\":\"What topics are covered in Part I of RIBOSOMES?\",\"answer\":\"Part I presents foundational concepts of protein biosynthesis, including messenger RNA and the genetic code, transfer RNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and the translation process carried out by ribosomes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the document treat mRNA in relation to the genetic code?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses the discovery of mRNA, deciphering the genetic code, features and deviations of the code dictionary, and the structure and folding of mRNA, including primary structure and functional regions.\"},{\"question\":\"What structural aspects of ribosomes are addressed in Part II?\",\"answer\":\"Part II covers ribosome morphology, ribosomal RNA structure from primary to tertiary and compact folding, ribosomal protein structures and complexes, and the mutual arrangement of rRNA and proteins (quaternary structure).\"}]","RIBOSOMES - Chapter 1 - Protein Biosynthesis: Summary and Definitions | PDF",1789975798,849]