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Riboflavin, a precursor of flavin cofactors, regulates β-oxidation and supports physiological processes. This study tested whether riboflavin added to goat semen dilution medium could improve motility and clarify metabolic mechanisms, assessing multiple sperm quality and mitochondrial parameters. Results showed 10 µM riboflavin increased motility, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity, ATP, MDH/SDH activities, CPT1 activity, and NADH/NAD+ levels, while etomoxir reversed these effects, indicating a β-oxidation–dependent mechanism.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/riboflavin-increases-goat-sperm-motility-via-enhancement-of-mitochondrial-oxidation/464682/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/riboflavin-increases-goat-sperm-motility-via-enhancement-of-mitochondrial-oxidation/464682.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How did riboflavin affect goat sperm motility in this study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Goat semen treated with riboflavin showed significantly increased sperm motility, with the strongest improvement observed at 10 µM after incubation.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which mitochondrial and metabolic indicators were measured to explain the mechanism?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The study evaluated mitochondrial membrane potential-related activity, ATP levels, activities of MDH and SDH, CPT1 activity, and NADH/NAD+ levels, along with acrosome integrity and the presence/expression of β-oxidation enzymes.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What was the role of etomoxir in the experiment?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Etomoxir, a mitochondrial β-oxidation inhibitor, suppressed the improvements caused by riboflavin, reducing total motility, ATP levels, and CPT1 activity, supporting a β-oxidation–dependent mechanism.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},464682,1790834550,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","Article  \nRiboflavin Increases Goat Sperm Motility via Enhancement of Mitochondrial β-Oxidation  \nQian Wang 1,†, Nan Zhang 2,†, Linlin Sun 1, Pigang Ding 3, Shengyan Zhao 4, Dongping Ma 4, Xin Kou 5, Zhendong Zhu 1 and Lingjiang Min 1, *  \nAcademic Editor: Paul S. Cooke  \nReceived: 26 November 2025  \nRevised: 18 December 2025  \nAccepted: 24 December 2025  \nPublished: 31 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; [13673940033@163.com](13673940033@163.com) (Q.W.); [18853508831@163.com](18853508831@163.com) (L.S.); [zzd2020@qau.edu.cn](zzd2020@qau.edu.cn) (Z.Z.)  \n2 Qinghai Conservation and Utilization Center of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources, Xining 810000, China; [353127579@163.com](353127579@163.com)  \n3 Yifengdian Town Animal Health and Product Quality Supervision Station, Jimo District, Qingdao 266224, China; [d564969662@163.com](d564969662@163.com)  \n4 Shouguang City Animal Husbandry Development Center, Weifang 262700, China; [sdsgzsy@163.com](sdsgzsy@163.com) (S.Z.); [sgylmdp@163.com](sgylmdp@163.com) (D.M.)  \n5 Hongde Livestock Farm, Yingli Town, Weifang 262700, China; [kouxin2004@126.com](kouxin2004@126.com)  \n* [Correspondence: mljlab405@qau.edu.cn](Correspondence: mljlab405@qau.edu.cn); Tel.: +86-135-8329-2842 † These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nSimple Summary  \nArtificial insemination (AI) is a widely used assisted breeding technique in goats, and improving sperm quality is key to enhancing AI efficiency. Sperm motility and function depend on a continuous supply of energy, and the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway regulated by riboflavin-derived cofactors is one of the energy sources for sperm. In this study, goat semen was treated with different concentrations of riboflavin, and sperm quality was assessed after incubation. Riboflavin supplementation significantly increased sperm motility, ATP levels, and the activity of key metabolic enzymes, whereas the addition of β-oxidation inhibitors reversed these improvements. These results indicate that riboflavin enhances sperm energy metabolism through the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway, thereby improving overall sperm quality. This finding could help increase the success rate of AI in goats, improve reproductive efficiency, and provide economic benefits for animal production.  \nAbstract  \nMitochondrial energy metabolism is fundamental to sperm function, and fatty acid β-oxidation is an important pathway for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Riboflavin, a precursor of key flavin cofactors, plays a critical role in regulating β-oxidation and supports multiple physiological processes. This study aimed to determine whether adding riboflavin to semen dilution media could enhance goat sperm motility and to elucidate the underlying metabolic mechanisms. Goat semen was diluted in tris-citrateglucose (TCG) medium containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µM riboflavin and incubated at 37 ◦ C, after which sperm motility, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities, and the NADH/NAD+ were evaluated. The localization and expression of the β-oxidation enzymes carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and extremely long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADVL) were examined, and CPT1 activity was quantified. The results showed that CPT1 and ACADVL were present in goat sperm, and that 10 µM riboflavin significantly increased sperm motility, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity, ATP levels, and the activities of MDH, SDH, and CPT1, while also elevating NADH/NAD+  \nlevels (p \u003C 0.05) . Notably, these enhancements were suppressed by 100 µM etomoxir, a mitochondrial β-oxidation inhibitor, which reduced tota","cbCaicU2J4xjwZgH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicU2J4xjwZgH","pdf",1870340,14,"English","# Simple Summary\n# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"How did riboflavin affect goat sperm motility in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Goat semen treated with riboflavin showed significantly increased sperm motility, with the strongest improvement observed at 10 µM after incubation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which mitochondrial and metabolic indicators were measured to explain the mechanism?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluated mitochondrial membrane potential-related activity, ATP levels, activities of MDH and SDH, CPT1 activity, and NADH/NAD+ levels, along with acrosome integrity and the presence/expression of β-oxidation enzymes.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the role of etomoxir in the experiment?\",\"answer\":\"Etomoxir, a mitochondrial β-oxidation inhibitor, suppressed the improvements caused by riboflavin, reducing total motility, ATP levels, and CPT1 activity, supporting a β-oxidation–dependent mechanism.\"}]","Riboflavin Increases Goat Sperm Motility via Enhancement of Mitochondrial β-Oxidation | PDF",1790768515,35]