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This review summarizes BsAb targeting concepts, clinical relevance, format classification by composition and symmetry, delivery modes, mechanisms, and the challenges that still require optimization of indications and toxicity 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10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291836  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nPrakash Radhakrishnan,  \nUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center, United States  \nREVIEWED BY Jeong A. Park,  \nInha University Hospital, Republic of Korea Liang Gong,  \nChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China  \n*CORRESPONDENCE Guobo Shen  \n [shenguobo@126.com](shenguobo@126.com)[ ](shenguobo@126.com)Na Xie  \n [naxie@scu.edu.cn](naxie@scu.edu.cn)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nRECEIVED 10 September 2023  \nACCEPTED 08 November 2023  \nPUBLISHED 01 December 2023  \nCITATION  \nGuo X, Wu Y, Xue Y, Xie N and Shen G (2023) Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment.  \nFront. Immunol. 14:1291836 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291836  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2023 Guo, Wu, Xue, Xie and Shen. This isan open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nRevolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment  \nXiaohan Guo 1†, Yi Wu 2†, Ying Xue 1, Na Xie 1* and Guobo Shen 2*  \n1West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China, 2State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China  \nRecent progressions in immunotherapy have transformed cancer treatment, providing a promising strategy that activates the immune system of the patient to find and eliminate cancerous cells. Bispecific antibodies, which engage two separate antigens or one antigen with two distinct epitopes, are of tremendous concern in immunotherapy. The bi-targeting idea enabled by bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is especially attractive from a medical standpoint since most diseases are complex, involving several receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways. Several research look into the processes in which BsAbs identify different cancer targets such angiogenesis, reproduction, metastasis, and immune regulation. By rerouting cells or altering other pathways, the bispecific proteins perform effector activities in addition to those of natural antibodies. This opens up a wide range of clinical applications and helps patients with resistant tumors respond better to medication. Yet, further study is necessary to identify the best conditions where to use these medications for treating tumor, their appropriate combination partners, and methods to reduce toxicity. In this review, we provide insights into the BsAb format classification based on their composition and symmetry, as well as the delivery mode, focus on the action mechanism of the molecule, and discuss the challenges and future perspectivesin BsAb development.  \nKEYWORDS  \nbispecific antibodies, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, tumor microenvironment, cancer  \n1 Introduction  \nCurrently emerging cancer immunotherapies include cancer vaccines, T cell receptor T cells (TCR-T) or chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), cytokine therapies, immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), and tumor-targeted antibodies (1) . Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in particular, are powerful tumor-targeted antibodies that have been licensed for use in cancer in the US and Europe for the first time in 2022 (2) . However, the complicated  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \npathophysiology of tumors limits the therapeutic efficacy of mAbs (3, 4), while the combination oftwo or more mAbs may be subject to safety and","cbCaiaCshQVYiG6R","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaCshQVYiG6R","pdf",7091236,33,"English","# 1 Introduction\n## Current cancer immunotherapies and limitations\n# 2 Format of BsAbs\n## Principles behind BsAbs’ new activities","[{\"question\":\"Why are bispecific antibodies important in cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"They can bind two antigens or distinct epitopes, improving specificity and targeting while reducing off-target toxicity and supporting broader clinical applications.\"},{\"question\":\"How do BsAbs work to affect tumors?\",\"answer\":\"They can redirect immune effector cells into tumors, deliver drug or radioactive payloads, and target multiple signaling pathways to inhibit tumor progression directly or indirectly.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review cover about BsAbs?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses BsAb format classification by composition and symmetry, delivery modes, action mechanisms, and challenges and future perspectives in solid-tumor treatment.\"}]","Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy - unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment | PDF",1790230470,83]