[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-42932-en":3,"doc-seo-42932-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},42932,8796095360427,"Lucas Martin","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d",8,"Research & Report","Revolutionaries to Race Leaders","Revolutionaries to Race Leaders: Black Power and the Making of African American Politics by Cedric Johnson examines how Black Power shaped and transformed African American political life in the 20th century. The work traces themes from Cold War-era revolutionary politics and racial conservatism, through nationalism and mobilizations around liberation and anti-imperialism, to debates over strategy, party formation, and competing visions for political alternatives. It highlights intellectuals and activists while assessing the outcomes and limits of Black political efforts.","Revolutionaries to Race Leaders  \nThis page intentionally left blank  \nRevolutionaries to Race Leaders  \nBlack Power and the Making of African American Politics  \nCEDRI C J OHNS O N  \nUniversity of Minnesota Press Minneapolis • London  \nAn earlier version of chapter 4 was previously published as “From Popular AntiImperialism to Sectarianism: The African Liberation Support Committee and Black Power Radicals,” New Political Science 25, no. 4 (December 2003); reprinted with permission from Taylor & Francis.  \nCopyright 2007 by the Regents ofthe University of Minnesota  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.  \nPublished by the University of Minnesota Press  \n111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290  \nMinneapolis, MN 55401-2520  \n[http://www.upress.umn.edu](http://www.upress.umn.edu)  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data  \nJohnson, Cedric, 1971–  \nRevolutionaries to race leaders : Black power and the making of African American politics / Cedric Johnson.  \n[p. cm](p. cm).  \nIncludes bibliographical references and index.  \nISBN 978-0-8166-4477-3 (hc : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-8166-4478-0 (pb : alk. paper)—ISBN-10: 0-8166-4477-2 (hc)—ISBN-10: 0-8166-4478-0 (pb)  \n1. African Americans—Politics and government—20th century. 2. Black power—United States—History—20th century. 3. Radicalism—United States—History— 20th century. 4. African American leadership—History—20th century. 5. African American political activists—History—20th century. 6. African American intellectuals—History—20th century. 7. Revolutionaries—United States—History— 20th century. 8. United States—Race relations—Political aspects—History—20th century. I. Title.  \nE185.615.J59 2007  \n322.4089'96073—dc22 2007008264  \nPrinted in the United States of America on acid-free paper  \nThe University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.  \n12 11 10 09 08 07 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  \nFor Lietha Davis and Morris Davis Jr.  \nThis page intentionally left blank  \nContents  \nAcknowledgments ix  \nAbbreviations xv  \nNote on Usage xvii  \nIntroduction: All Power to the People? xix  \nPart I Black Power and African American Politics  \n1 The“Negro Revolution” and Cold War America: Revolutionary Politics and Racial Conservatism in the Work of Harold Cruse 3  \n2 Return of the Native: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones),  \nthe New Nationalism, and Black Power Politics 42  \nPart II Racial Technocrats, Democratic Struggles  \n3 The Convention Strategy and Conventional Politics:  \nThe 1972 Gary Convention and the Limits  \nof Racial Unity 85  \n4 From Popular Anti-Imperialism to Sectarianism:  \nThe African Liberation Day Mobilizations and  \nRadical Intellectuals 131  \n5 Radical Departures: The National Black Political Assembly, the National Black Independent Political Party, and the Struggle for Alternatives 173  \nConclusion: The Ends of Black Politics 217  \nNotes 231  \nIndex 281  \nThis page intentionally left blank  \nAcknowledgments  \nThis project began as a dissertation at the University of Maryland. I was blessed with an incredibly talented, supportive dissertation committee. Sincerest thanks go to my dissertation chair, Ronald W. Walters, who adamantly supported this project from our earliest conversations. My research benefited immeasurably from his rich, extensive personal history with the civil rights movement and postsegregation black politics. The late Linda Faye Williams shaped this project and my thinking on race and American politics in profound ways. I hope this book would have made her proud. I seriously doubt that I would have completed my graduate studies without the constant support and wisdom of Ollie Johnson. I am also thankful to Clarence Stone, whose graduate course on power, leadership, and social change convinced me that there was room within the d","cbCaimQzMbjzoqzi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimQzMbjzoqzi","pdf",2309499,4,1,336,"English","en",105,"# Introduction: All Power to the People?\n# Part I Black Power and African American Politics\n## The “Negro Revolution” and Cold War America\n## Return of the Native: Amiri Baraka and Black Power Politics\n# Part II Racial Technocrats, Democratic Struggles\n## The 1972 Gary Convention and the Limits of Racial Unity\n## The African Liberation Day Mobilizations and Radical Intellectuals\n## The National Black Political Assembly and Struggle for Alternatives\n# Conclusion: The Ends of Black Politics","[{\"question\":\"What is the central focus of Revolutionaries to Race Leaders?\",\"answer\":\"The book focuses on Black Power and how it shaped the making of African American politics, tracing political strategies, organizations, and ideological debates across the 20th century.\"},{\"question\":\"Which main themes are covered in Part I?\",\"answer\":\"Part I links the “Negro Revolution” and Cold War dynamics to revolutionary politics and racial conservatism, and then moves to nationalism and Black Power politics associated with Amiri Baraka.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the book analyze in Part II?\",\"answer\":\"Part II examines racial political strategy and democratic struggles, including limits of racial unity at the 1972 Gary Convention and radical intellectual mobilizations connected to anti-imperialism and liberation events, followed by efforts to form alternative political structures.\"}]",1783374320,847,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"revolutionaries-to-race-leaders","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/revolutionaries-to-race-leaders/42932/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-11","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What is the central focus of Revolutionaries to Race Leaders?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The book focuses on Black Power and how it shaped the making of African American politics, tracing political strategies, organizations, and ideological debates across the 20th century.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which main themes are covered in Part I?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Part I links the “Negro Revolution” and Cold War dynamics to revolutionary politics and racial conservatism, and then moves to nationalism and Black Power politics associated with Amiri Baraka.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What does the book analyze in Part II?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Part II examines racial political strategy and democratic struggles, including limits of racial unity at the 1972 Gary Convention and radical intellectual mobilizations connected to anti-imperialism and liberation events, followed by efforts to form alternative political structures.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]