[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-613325-105":59,"doc-detail-613325-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","revolution-in-china-student-handouts-inc","Revolution in China - Student Handouts, Inc.","","Revolution in China presents a slide-by-slide overview of major political transformations from the Qing dynasty’s decline to the establishment of communist rule. It highlights key figures such as Empress Dowager Cixi and Puyi, the Republican Revolution and Sun Yat-sen’s Three Principles, and the weaknesses of the early Republic. It then covers the struggle among the Kuomintang factions, Japanese aggression, World War II diplomacy, the 1949 communist takeover, and subsequent Mao-era political, economic, and foreign-policy changes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/revolution-in-china-student-handouts-inc/613325/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/revolution-in-china-student-handouts-inc/613325.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Terk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What were the main weaknesses of the Republic of China after 1912?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"The slides list disunity among warlords, pressure from foreign imperialists, and poor transportation infrastructure that limited effective governance and national development.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What are Sun Yat-sen’s Three Principles of the People?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The three principles are democracy (people are sovereign), nationalism (an end to foreign imperialism), and livelihood (economic development and social welfare through reforms).",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How did Mao’s early policies change China’s economy and politics?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Mao’s era includes the First and Second Five-Year Plans, with the Great Leap Forward emphasizing rapid industrial growth and the organization of peasants into communes; the slides also note severe famine and large death tolls.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},613325,1792385196,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":46},1099525198933,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Slide 1  \nSlide 2  \nSlide 3  \nRevolution in China  \n© Student Handouts, Inc.  \n\n| Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| • Empress Dowager Cixi (1835- 1908)\u003Cbr>– De facto Chinese monarch (1861- 1908)\u003Cbr>– “Make me unhappy for a day and I will make you unhappy for alifetime.”\u003Cbr>– Conservative and anti-foreign\u003Cbr>– Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China | |\n\n\n| Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| • Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor”\u003Cbr>– Lived 1906-1967\u003Cbr>– Ruled China 1908-1912, and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917\u003Cbr>– Puppet emperor of Manchukuo (Japanese-ruled Manchuria), 1932- 1945\u003Cbr>– Spent ten years in a Soviet prison after WWII\u003Cbr>– Lived a quiet life as a regular citizen in communist China\u003Cbr>– Died of disease during the Cultural Revolution (1967) | |\n\nSlide 4  \nSlide 5  \nSlide 6  \n\n| Republican Revolution (1912) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| • Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)\u003Cbr>– Founded Kuomintang (KMT)– Nationalist party\u003Cbr>• Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty\u003Cbr>• Established a republic\u003Cbr>• President of Chinese Republic who succeeded him\u003Cbr>– Yuan Shih-k’ai\u003Cbr>Kuomintang symbol\u003Cbr>| |\n\nRepublic of China: Weaknesses  \n• Disunity  \n– Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control  \n– Wars raged between 1912 and 1928  \n• Foreign imperialists  \n– Americans, Europeans, and Japanese  \n• Poor transportation  \n– 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track  \n• 225,000 miles in the smaller United States  \n– Few decent roads  \nForeign Imperialists  \n• Twenty-One Demands (1915)  \n– Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate  \n– Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers  \n• World War I and the Treaty of Versailles  \n– China attempted to abolish concessions and extraterritoriality  \n• Attempt failed  \n– China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles  \n– Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian possessions and rights  \nSlide 7  \nSlide 8  \nSlide 9  \nThree Principles of the People  \n• Book published by Sun Yat-sen before his death in 1925  \n1. Principle of Mínquán  \n• Democracy – the people are sovereign  \n2. Principle of Mínzú  \n• Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism  \n3. Principle of Mínshēng  \n• Livelihood – economic development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism  \n| Growth of Communism\u003Cbr>• Sun Yat-sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid following the Versailles Conference\u003Cbr>– 1921-1925 – China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans\u003Cbr>– Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| | Chinese flag, 1912-1928 |\n\n\n| The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| • Right wing\u003Cbr>– Business people\u003Cbr>– Politicians\u003Cbr>• Left wing\u003Cbr>– Communists\u003Cbr>– Intellectuals\u003Cbr>– Radicals\u003Cbr>– Students | |\n\nSlide 10  \nSlide 11  \nSlide 12  \n\n| Nationalist Revolution\u003Cbr>• Sun Yat-sen succeeded by Chiang Kaishek\u003Cbr>• Communists expelled by Kuomintang\u003Cbr>• 1926-1928 – war to control the warlords\u003Cbr>• Capital moved from Peiping (a. k.a. Peking, today’s Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing) |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Presidential Palace | under Kuomintang Government in Nanjing | |\n\n|  Japanese Aggression | |\n| --- | --- |\n| • Japan was a threat to China – 1894-1941\u003Cbr>• 1937 – Japanese invasion\u003Cbr>– Japanese took control of north and areas along the coast\u003Cbr>– Rape of Nanking\u003Cbr>– Chinese Communists and Nationalists\u003Cbr>• Intermittently were at peace as they united to fight against the Japanese\u003Cbr>• Guerrilla and scorched earth tactics\u003Cbr>• Received American aid against the Japanese |  |\n\nSlide 13  \nSlide 14  \nSlide 15  \n\n| World War II\u003Cbr>• U.S. interest in China increased after Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941\u003Cbr>• Cairo Conference (1943)\u003Cbr>– Chiang Kai-shek met with Allied leaders\u003Cbr>– Discussed war in eastern Asia\u003Cbr>• Westerners gave up imperialist rights in China\u003Cbr>• U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 repealed |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| in 1943 | |\n\nCommunists in Control ","cbCaigyC4PPDSUG3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigyC4PPDSUG3","pdf",409100,"English","# Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty\n## Empress Dowager Cixi and Puyi\n# Republican Revolution (1912)\n## Sun Yat-sen and the Three Principles of the People\n# Growth of Communism and KMT Split\n# Nationalist Revolution and Japanese Aggression\n# World War II and 1949 Communist Control\n## Communists in Control; PRC vs ROC\n# Political and Economic Changes under Mao\n## Five-Year Plans and Great Leap Forward\n# Foreign Relations and Cold War","[{\"question\":\"What were the main weaknesses of the Republic of China after 1912?\",\"answer\":\"The slides list disunity among warlords, pressure from foreign imperialists, and poor transportation infrastructure that limited effective governance and national development.\"},{\"question\":\"What are Sun Yat-sen’s Three Principles of the People?\",\"answer\":\"The three principles are democracy (people are sovereign), nationalism (an end to foreign imperialism), and livelihood (economic development and social welfare through reforms).\"},{\"question\":\"How did Mao’s early policies change China’s economy and politics?\",\"answer\":\"Mao’s era includes the First and Second Five-Year Plans, with the Great Leap Forward emphasizing rapid industrial growth and the organization of peasants into communes; the slides also note severe famine and large death tolls.\"}]","Revolution in China - Student Handouts, Inc. | PDF"]